CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Things in themselves so supremely great, so far above man, so utterly above our perishable nature, as to be impossible for the race of rational mortals to grasp, as the will of God became possible in the immeasurable abundance of the Divine grace which streams forth from God upon men, through Jesus Christ the minister of His unsurpassable grace toward us, and through the cooperant Spirit. Thus, though it is a standing impossibility for human nature to acquire Wisdom, by which all things have been established—for all things, according to David, God made in wisdom—from being impossible it becomes possible through our Lord Jesus Christ, who was made for us wisdom from God and righteousness and sanctification and redemption.

1 1.1 Τὰ διὰ τὸ εἶναι μέγιστα καὶ ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον τυγχάνειν εἰς ὑπερβολήν τε ὑπεράνω τῆς ἐπικήρου φύσεως ἡμῶν ἀδύνατα τῷ λογικῷ καὶ θνητῷ γένει καταλαβεῖν ἐν πολλῇ δὲ καὶ ἀμετρήτῳ ἐκχεομένῃ ἀπὸ θεοῦ εἰς ἀνθρώπους χάριτι θεοῦ διὰ τοῦ τῆς ἀνυπερβλήτου εἰς ἡμᾶς χάριτος ὑπηρέτουἸησοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τοῦ συνεργοῦ πνεύματος βουλήσει θεοῦ δυνατὰ γίνεται. ἀδύνατον γοῦν τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει ὑπάρχον σοφίας κτῆσις, ᾗ τὰ πάντα κατεσκεύασται ? < πάντα > γὰρ κατὰ τὸν Δαυῒδ ὁ θεὸς < ἐν σοφίᾳ > ἐποίησε, δυνατὸν ἐξ ἀδυνάτου γίνεται διὰ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶνἸησοῦ Χριστοῦ, < ὃς ἐγενήθη σοφία ἡμῖν ἀπὸ θεοῦ δικαιοσύνη τε καὶ ἁγιασμὸς καὶ ἀπολύτρωσις. >

For what or who is man that he shall know the counsel of God, or who shall conceive what that Lord willeth? Since the thoughts of mortals are weakling and our purposes are prone to fail; for the body that is corruptible weighs down soul, and mind with its store of thought is burdened by it’s earthly tabernacle; and things on earth we forecast with difficulty, but things in heaven whoever yet traced out? Who would not say that it is impossible for man to trace out things in heaven? Yet this impossible thing, by the surpassing grace of God, becomes possible; for he who was caught up unto a third heaven traced out things in the three heavens through having heard unutterable utterances which it was not permitted for man to speak. Who can say that it is possible for the mind of the Lord to be known by man?

< τίς γὰρ ἄνθρωπος γνώσεται βουλὴν θεοῦ; ἢ τίς ἐνθυμηθήσεται τί θέλει ὁ κύριος; ἐπεὶ λογισμοὶ θνητῶν δειλοὶ, καὶ ἐπισφαλεῖς αἱ ἐπίνοιαι ἡμῶν· φθαρτὸν γὰρ σῶμα βαρύνει ψυχὴν, καὶ βρίθει τὸ γεῶδες σκῆνος νοῦν πολυφροντίδα. καὶ μόγις εἰκάζομεν τὰ ἐπὶ γῆς, τὰ δὲ ἐν οὐρανοῖς τίς ἐξιχνίασε; > τίς δ' οὐκ ἂν εἴποι ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἀνθρώπῳ ἐξιχνιάσαι < τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς; > ἀλλ' ὅμως τοῦτο τὸ ἀδύνατον τῇ ὑπερβαλλούσῃ χάριτι τοῦ θεοῦ δυνατὸν γίνεται· ὁ γὰρ ἁρπαγεὶς εἰς τρίτον οὐρανὸν ἐξιχνίασε τάχα τὰ ἐν τοῖς τρισὶν οὐρανοῖς διὰ τὸ ἀκηκοέναι < ἄῤῥητα ῥήματα, ἃ μὴ ἐξὸν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλῆσαι > ἦν. τίς δὲ δύναται εἰπεῖν ὅτι δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ γνωσθῆναι τὸν τοῦ κυρίου νοῦν;

But this, too, God graciously gives through Christ who said to His disciples: “No longer do I call you servants, because the servant knows not what his lord’s will is, but I have called you friends, because all the things that I have heard from my Father I have made known to you; so that through Christ there is made known to them the will of one who, when He teaches them the will of the Lord, has no desire to be their lord any longer but instead becomes a friend to those whose lord he was before.” Moreover, as no one knows the things of man save the Spirit of man that is in him, so also no one knows the things of God save the Spirit of God.

ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο ὁ θεὸς διὰ Χριστοῦ χαρίζεται   [.....]     τὸ θέλημα τοῦ κυρίου ἑαυτῶν οὐκέτι, ὅτε διδάσκει. αὐτοὺς τὸ θέλημα τοῦ κυρίου εἶναι θέλοντος ἀλλὰ εἰς φίλον μεταβάλλοντος τούτοις, ὧν κύριος πρότερον ἦν. ἀλλὰ καὶ ὡς οὐδεὶς < οἶδεν ἀνθρώπων τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ, οὕτω καὶ τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐδεὶς > οἶδεν < εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ. > εἰ δὲ μηδεὶς < οἶδε > < τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ > < εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ θεοῦ, >

Now if no one knows the things of God save the Spirit of God, it is impossible that a man should know the things of God. But mark how this too becomes possible: but we, he says, have received not the spirit of the world but the spirit which is from God, that we may know the things graciously given to us by God, and these also we speak not in words taught of human wisdom but in those taught of the Spirit.

ἀδύνατον εἰδέναι ἄνθρωπον < τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ. > καὶ τοῦτο δὲ κατανόησον, πῶς δυνατὸν γίνεται· < ἡμεῖς δὲ, > φησὶν, < οὐ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κόσμου ἐλάβομεν ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἵνα εἰδῶμεν τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ χαρισθέντα ἡμῖν, ἃ καὶ λαλοῦμεν οὐκ ἐν διδακτοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις ἀλλ' ἐν διδακτοῖς τοῦ πνεύματος. >

But I think, right pious and industrious Ambrosius, and right discreet and manful Tatiana, from whom I avow that womanly weakness has disappeared as truly as it had from Sarah of old, you are wondering to what purpose all this has been said in preface about things impossible for man becoming possible by the grace of God, when the subject prescribed for our discourse is Prayer.

Αλλ' εἰκὸς,Ἀμβρόσιε θεοσεβέστατε καὶ φιλοπονώτατε καὶ Τατιανὴ κοσμιωτάτη καὶ ἀνδρειοτάτη ?ἀφ' ἧς ἐκλελοιπέναι < τὰ γυναικεῖα > ὃν τρόπον ἐκλελοίπει τῇ Σάῤῥᾳ ἤδη εὔχομαι , ὑμᾶς ἀπορεῖν τί δή ποτε, περὶ εὐχῆς προκειμένου ἡμῖν τοῦ λόγου,

The fact is, I believe it to be itself one of those things which, judged by our weakness, are impossible, clearly to set forth with accuracy and reverence a complete account of prayer, and in particular of how prayer ought to be offered, what ought to be said to God in prayer, which seasons are more, which less, suitable for prayer . . . The very apostle who by reason of the abundance of the revelations is anxious that no one should account to him more than he sees or hears from him, confesses that he knows not how to pray as he ought, for what we ought to pray, he says, we know not how to as we ought. It is necessary not merely to pray but also to pray as we ought and to pray what we ought. For even though we are enabled to understand what we ought to pray, that is not adequate if we do not add to it the right manner also.

ταῦτα ἐν προοιμίοις περὶ τῶν ἀδυνάτων ἀνθρώποις δυνατῶν χάριτι θεοῦ γινομένων εἴρηται. ἓν τῶν ἀδυνάτων ὅσον ἐπὶ τῇ ἀσθενείᾳ ἡμῶν πείθομαι τυγχάνειν τρανῶσαι τὸν περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς ἀκριβῶς καὶ θεο πρεπῶς πάντα λόγον καὶ τὸν περὶ τοῦ, τίνα τρόπον εὔχεσθαι δεῖ, καὶ τίνα ἐπὶ τῆς εὐχῆς λέγειν πρὸς θεὸν, καὶ ποῖοι καιροὶ ποίων καιρῶν πρὸς τὴν εὐχήν εἰσιν ἐπιτηδειότεροι· ................... τὸν διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν < τῶν ἀποκαλύψεων > εὐλαβούμενον, < μή τις > εἰς αὐτὸν < λογίσηται ὑπὲρ ὃ βλέπει > < ἢ ἀκούει ἐξ > αὐτοῦ, ὁμολογεῖν < καθὸ δεῖ > προσεύχεσθαι μὴ εἰδέναι· ὃ γὰρ δεῖ προσεύξασθαι, φησὶ, < καθὸ δεῖ οὐκ οἴδαμεν. > ἀναγκαῖον δὲ οὐ τὸ προσεύχεσθαι μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ προσεύχεσθαι < καθὸ δεῖ > καὶ προσεύχεσθαι ὃ δεῖ. ἵνα γὰρ καὶ ὃ δεῖ προσεύχεσθαι δυνηθῶμεν καταλαβεῖν, ἐλλιπές ἐστι τοῦτο, ἐὰν μὴ καὶ τὸ < καθὸ δεῖ > προσλάβωμεν. τί δὲ ἡμῖν ὄφελος τοῦ < καθὸ δεῖ, > μὴ εἰδόσιν εὔχεσθαι ὃ δεῖ;

On the other hand what is the use of the right manner to us if we do not know to pray for what we ought? Of these two things the one, I mean the ‘what we ought’ of prayer, is the language of the prayer, while the ‘as we ought’ is the disposition of him who prays. Thus the former is illustrated by “Ask for the great things and the little shall be added unto you,.” and “Ask for the heavenly things and the earthly shall be added unto you,.” and “Pray for them that abuse you,.” and “Entreat therefore the Lord of the harvest that He send out workers unto his harvest,.” and “Pray that you enter not into temptation,.” and “Pray that your flight be not in winter or on a Sabbath,.” and “In praying babble not” and the like passages: the latter by “I desire therefore that men pray in ever place lifting up holy hands without anger and questioning, and in like manner that women array themselves decently in simplicity, with modesty and discretion, not in or gold or pearls or costly raiments, but, as becomes women of pious profession, through good works. Instructive too, for prayer ‘as we ought’ is the passage:

2.2 τὸ μὲν οὖν ἕτερον τούτων, λέγω δὴ τὸ ὃ δεῖ, οἱ λόγοι εἰσὶ τῆς εὐχῆς, τὸ δὲ < καθὸ δεῖ > ἡ κατάστασις τοῦ εὐχομένου· οἷον ὡς ἐπὶ παραδείγματος τὸ μὲν ὃ δεῖ· < αἰτεῖτε τὰ μεγάλα, καὶ τὰ μικρὰ ὑμῖν προστεθήσεται, > καὶ < αἰτεῖτε τὰ ἐπουράνια, καὶ τὰ ἐπίγεια ὑμῖν προστεθήσεται, > καὶ < προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐπηρεαζόντων ὑμᾶς, > καὶ < δεήθητε οὖν τοῦ κυρίου τοῦ θερισμοῦ, ἵνα ἐκβάλῃ ἐργάτας εἰς τὸν θερισμὸν αὐτοῦ, > καὶ < προσεύχεσθε μὴ εἰσελθεῖν εἰς πειρασμὸν, > καὶ < προσεύχεσθε, ἵνα μὴ γένηται ὑμῶν ἡ φυγὴ χειμῶνι μηδὲ σαββάτῳ, > καὶ < προσευχόμενοι δὲ μὴ βαττολογήσητε, > καὶ εἴ τι τούτοις ἐστὶ παραπλήσιον· τὸ δὲ < καθὸ δεῖ > · < βούλομαι οὖν προσεύχεσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ, ἐπαίροντας ὁσίας χεῖρας χωρὶς ὀργῆς καὶ διαλογισμοῦ· ὡσαύτως καὶ γυναῖκας ἐν καταστολῇ κοσμίῳ, μετὰ αἰδοῦς καὶ σωφροσύνης κοσμεῖν ἑαυτὰς, μὴ ἐν πλέγμασιν ἢ χρυσῷ ἢ μαργαρίταις ἢ ἱματισμῷ πολυτελεῖ ἀλλ', ὃ πρέπει γυναιξὶν ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν, δι' ἔργων ἀγαθῶν. > τοῦ δὲ < καθὸ δεῖ > διδασκαλικόν ἐστι καὶ τό·

“If then you art offering your gift at the altar and there think you that your brother hath aught against you, leave there your gift before the altar, and go back—first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift;” for what greater gift can be sent up to God from a rational creature than fragrant words of prayer that is offered from a conscience devoid of taint from Sin? Similarly instructive is “Deprive not one another, save by agreement for a season that you may give yourselves to prayer and may be together at another time again, in order that Satan may not have occasion to exalt over you by reason of your incontinence. For prayer ‘as we ought’ is restrained unless the marriage mysteries which claim our silence be consummated with more of solemnity and deliberation and less of passion, the ‘agreement’ referred to in the passage obliterating the discord of passion, and destroying incontinence, and preventing Satan’s malicious exultation. Yet again instructive for prayer ‘as we ought’ is the passage: “If you are standing at prayer, forgive aught that you have against any man;” and also the passage in Paul “Any man who prays or preaches with covered head dishonours his head, and any woman who prays or preaches with unveiled head dishonors her head” is descriptive of the right manner of prayer.

< ἐὰν οὖν προσφέρῃς τὸ δῶρόν σου ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον κἀκεῖ μνησθῇς ὅτι ὁ ἀδελφός σου ἔχει τι κατὰ σοῦ, ἄφες ἐκεῖ τὸ δῶρόν σου ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ ὕπαγε πρῶτον διαλλάγηθι τῷ ἀδελφῷ σου, καὶ τότε ἐλθὼν πρόσφερε τὸ δῶρόν σου > · ποῖον γὰρ θεῷ δῶρον ἀπὸ τοῦ λογικοῦ μεῖζον ἀναπέμπεσθαι δύναται εὐώδους λόγου εὐχῆς, προσφερομένης ἀπὸ συνειδότος μὴ ἔχοντος δυσῶδες ἀπὸ τῆς ἁμαρτίας; ἔτι δὲ τοῦ < καθὸ δεῖ > τό· < μὴ ἀποστερεῖτε ἀλλήλους, ἐὰν μή τι ἐκ συμφωνίας πρὸς καιρὸν, ἵνα σχολάσητε τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ ἦτε, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιχαρῇ ὑμῖν ὁ σατανᾶς διὰ τὴν ἀκρασίαν ὑμῶν. > διὰ τούτων γὰρ ἐμποδίζεται τὸ < καθὸ δεῖ, > ἐὰν μὴ καὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸν γάμον σιωπᾶσθαι ἀξίων μυστηρίων τὸ ἔργον σεμνότερον καὶ βραδύτερον καὶ ἀπαθέστερον γίνηται, τῆς λεγομένης ἐνταυθοῖ < συμφωνίας > τὸ ἀσύμφωνον τοῦ πάθους ἀφανιζούσης καὶ τὴν ἀκρασίαν ἀναλισκούσης τοῦ τε σατανᾶ τὸ ἐπιχαιρησίκακον κωλυούσης. πρὸς τούτοις τοῦ < καθὸ δεῖ > ἐστι διδασκαλικὸν τό· < ἐὰν στήκητε προσευχόμενοι, ἀφίετε, εἴ τι ἂν ἔχητε κατά τινος > · καὶ τὸ παρὰ τῷ Παύλῳ δέ· < πᾶς ἀνὴρ εὐχόμενος ἢ προφητεύων κατὰ κεφαλῆς ἔχων καταισχύνει τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ, πᾶσα δὲ γυνὴ προσευχομένη ἢ προφητεύουσα ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ καταισχύνει τὴν κεφαλὴν ἑαυτῆς > τοῦ < καθὸ δεῖ > ἐστι παραστατικόν.

Paul knows all these sayings, and could cite, with subtle statement in each case, manifold more from law and prophets and gospel fulfillment, but in the moderation, yes, and in the truthfulness of his nature, and because he sees how much, after all of them, is lacking to knowledge of the right way to pray what he ought, he says “but what we ought to pray we know not how to as we ought,.” and adds thereto the source from which a man’s deficiency is made up if though ignorant he has rendered himself worthy to have the deficiency made up within him: “The Spirit himself more than intercedes with God in sighs unspeakable and He that searches hearts knows what is the mind of the Spirit, because His intercession on behalf of saints is according to God.”

2.3 ἀλλὰ ταῦτα πάντα ἐπιστάμενος Παῦλος καὶ τούτων πολλαπλασίονα ἀπὸ νόμου καὶ προφητῶν τοῦ τε εὐαγγελικοῦ πληρώματος παραθέσθαι δυνάμενος μετὰ ποικιλότητος τῆς εἰς ἕκαστον διηγήσεως, ἀπὸ διαθέσεως οὐ μετριαζούσης μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀληθευούσης φησίν ?ὁρῶν δὲ καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πάντα ὅσον ἀπολείπεται τοῦ εἰδέναι προσεύξασθαι τί δεῖ < καθὸ δεῖ > · τὸ δὲ ὅ τι προσεύξασθαι δεῖ < καθὸ δεῖ οὐκ οἴδαμεν > · καὶ τοῦτο τῷ λόγῳ προστίθησιν, ὅθεν ἀναπληροῦται τὸ ἐλλεῖπον τῷ μὴ εἰδότι μὲν ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἄξιον τοῦ ἀναπληρωθῆναι ἐν αὐτῷ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον παρασκευάσαντι, λέγει γὰρ ὅτι < αὐτὸ τὸ πνεῦμα στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις ὑπερεντυγχάνει τῷ θεῷ· ὁ δὲ ἐρευνῶν τὰς καρδίας οἶδε τί τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ πνεύματος, ὅτι κατὰ θεὸν ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἁγίων. >

Thus the Spirit who cries “Abba Father” in the hearts of the blessed, knowing with solicitude that their sighing in this tabernacle can but weigh down the already fallen or transgressors, “more than intercedes with God in sighs unspeakable,.” for the great love and sympathy He feels for men taking our sighs upon himself; and, by virtue of the wisdom that resides in Him, beholding our Soul humbled ‘unto dust’ and shut within the body ‘of humiliation,’ He employs no common sighs when He more than intercedes with God but unspeakable ones akin to the unutterable words which a man may not speak. Not content to intercede with God, this Spirit intensifies His intercession, “more than intercedes,.” for those who more than conquer, as I believe such as Paul was, who says “Nay in all these we more than conquer.”

τὸ δὲ ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις τῶν μακαρίων κρᾶζον < ἀββὰ ὁ πατὴρ > < πνεῦμα, > ἐπιστάμενον ἐπιμελῶς τοὺς ἐν τῷ σκήνει στεναγμοὺς, ἀξίους τυγχάνοντας εἰς τὸ βαρῦναι τοὺς πεπτωκότας ἢ παραβεβηκότας, < στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις ὑπερεντυγχάνει τῷ θεῷ, > τοὺς ἡμετέρους διὰ τὴν πολλὴν φιλανθρωπίαν καὶ συμπάθειαν ἀναδεχόμενον στεναγμούς· κατὰ δὲ τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ σοφίαν ὁρῶν τὴν ταπεινωθεῖσαν < εἰς χοῦν > ψυχὴν ἡμῶν καὶ ἐν τῷ σώματι < τῆς ταπεινώσεως > καθειργμένην, οὐ τοῖς τυχοῦσι < στεναγμοῖς > χρώμενον < ὑπερεντυγχάνει τῷ θεῷ > ἀλλά τισιν < ἀλαλήτοις, > ἐχομένοις τῶν ἀῤῥήτων λόγων, ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνθρώπῳ λαλεῖν. τοῦτο δὴ τὸ πνεῦμα, οὐκ ἀρκούμενον τῷ ἐντυγχάνειν τῷ θεῷ, ἐπιτεῖνον τὴν ἔντευξιν < ὑπερεντυγχάνει, > ἐγὼ οἶμαι ὅτι περὶ τῶν ὑπερνικώντων, ὁποῖος Παῦλος ἦν λέγων· < ἀλλ' ἐν τούτοις πᾶσιν ὑπερνικῶμεν. > εἰκὸς δ' ὅτι < ἐντυγχάνει > μόνον περὶ τῶν οὐ τηλικούτων μὲν, ὡς ὑπερνικᾶν, οὐ τοιούτων δὲ πάλιν, ὥστε νικᾶσθαι, ἀλλὰ νικώντων.

He simply “intercedes,.” I think, not for those who more than conquer, nor again for those who are conquered, but for those who conquer. Akin to the saying “what we ought to pray we know not how to as we ought, but the Spirit more than intercedes with God in sighs unspeakable,.” is the passage “I will pray with the Spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit; and I will sing with the understanding also.”

2.4 ἐχόμενον δὲ τοῦ τί δὲ δεῖ προσεύξασθαι < καθὸ δεῖ οὐκ οἴδαμεν, ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα στεναγμοῖς ἀλαλήτοις ὑπερεντυγχάνει τῷ θεῷ > τὸ < προσεύξομαι τῷ πνεύματι, προσεύξομαι δὲ καὶ τῷ νοΐ· ψαλῶ τῷ πνεύματι, ψαλῶ <δὲ> καὶ τῷ νοΐ. > οὐδὲ γὰρ δύναται ἡμῶν ὁ νοῦς προσεύξασθαι,

For even our understanding is unable to pray unless the spirit leads it in prayer within hearing of it as it were, anymore than it can sing or hymn, with rhythmic cadence and in unison, with true measure and in harmony, the Father in Christ, unless the Spirit who searches all things even the depth of God first praise and hymn Him whose depth He has searched and, as He had the power, comprehended.

ἐὰν μὴ πρὸ αὐτοῦ τὸ πνεῦμα προσεύξηται οἱονεὶ ἐν ὑπηκόῳ αὐτοῦ, ὥσπερ οὐδὲ ψᾶλαι καὶ εὐρύθμως καὶ ἐμμελῶς καὶ ἐμμέτρως. καὶ συμφώνως ὑμνῆσαι τὸν πατέρα ἐν Χριστῷ, ἐὰν μὴ < τὸ πνεῦμα > τὸ < πάντα > ἐρευνῶν, < καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ θεοῦ, > πρότερον αἰνέσῃ καὶ ὑμνήσῃ τοῦτον, οὗ < τὰ βάθη > ἠρεύνηκε καὶ, ὡς ἐξίσχυσε, κατείληφεν.

I think it must have been the awakened consciousness of human weakness falling short of prayer in the right way, above all realized as he listened to great words of intimate knowledge falling from the Savior’s lips in prayer to the Father, that moved one of the disciples of Jesus to say to the Lord when He ceased praying, “Lord, teach us to pray, even as John also taught his disciples.” The whole train of language is as follows: “And it came to pass, as He was at prayer in a certain place, that one of His disciples said to Him when He ceased “Lord, teach us to pray even as John also taught his disciples.”

ἐγὼ δὲ οἴομαι συναισθόμενόν τινα τῶν τοῦἸησοῦ μαθητῶν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἀσθενείας, ἀπολειπομένης τοῦ ὃν τρόπον εὔχεσθαι δεῖ, καὶ μάλιστα τοῦτ' ἐγνωκότα, ὅτε ἐπιστημόνων καὶ μεγάλων λόγων ἤκουεν ἀπαγγελλομένων ὑπὸ τοῦ σωτῆρος ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα εὐχῇ, παυσαμένῳ τοῦ προσεύχεσθαι τῷ κυρίῳ εἰρηκέναι· < κύριε, δίδαξον ἡμᾶς προσεύχεσθαι, καθὼς καὶἸωάννης ἐδίδαξε τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ. > ὅλος δὲ ὁ εἱρμὸς τοῦ ῥητοῦ οὕτως ἔχει· < καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ εἶναι αὐτὸν προσευχόμενον ἐν τόπῳ τινὶ, ὡς ἐπαύσατο, εἶπέ τις τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτόν· κύριε, δίδαξον ἡμᾶς προσεύχεσθαι, καθὼς καὶἸωάννης ἐδίδαξε προσεύχεσθαι τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ >

For is it conceivable that a man who had been brought up under instruction in the law and hearing of the words of the prophets and was no stranger to the synagogue had no knowledge whatsoever of prayer until he saw the Lord praying in a certain place? It is absurd to pretend that he was one who did pray after the Jewish practice but saw that he needed fuller knowledge as to the place in reference to prayer. What was it, too, in reference to prayer that John used to teach the disciples who came to him for baptism from Jerusalem and all Judea and the country round about, but certain things of which, as one who was greater than a prophet, he had vision in reference to prayer, which I believe he would not deliver to all who were baptized but privately to those who were disciples with a view to baptism?

ἆρα γὰρ ἄνθρωπος, ἐντεθραμμένος τῇ νομικῇ κατηχήσει καὶ τῇ ἀκροάσει τῶν προφητικῶν λόγων τῶν τε συναγωγῶν μὴ ἀπολειπόμενος, οὐκ ἠπίστατο ὁπωσδήποτε εὔχεσθαι, μέχρις οὗ ἴδῃ τὸν κύριον εὐχόμενον < ἐν τόπῳ τινί; > ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ἄτοπον φάσκειν· ηὔχετο μὲν γὰρ κατὰ τὰἸουδαίων ἔθη, ἑώρα δὲ μείζονος ἐπιστήμης ἑαυτὸν δεόμενον εἰς τὸν περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς τόπον. τί δὲ καὶ ὁ <Ἰωάννης ἐδίδασκε τοὺς μαθητὰς > περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς, ἀπὸἹεροσολύμων καὶ πάσης τῆςἸουδαίας καὶ τῆς περιχώρου ἐρχομένους βαπτίζεσθαι πρὸς αὐτὸν, εἰ μή τινα κατὰ τὸ < περισσότερον > εἶναι < προφήτου > ἔβλεπε περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς, ἅπερ εἰκὸς ὅτι οὐ πᾶσι τοῖς βαπτιζομένοις ἀλλὰ τοῖς πρὸς τὸ βαπτίζεσθαι μαθητευομένοις ἐν ἀποῤῥήτῳ παρεδίδου;

Such are the prayers, which are really spiritual because the spirit was praying in the heart of the saints, recorded in scripture, and they are full of unutterably wonderful declarations. In the first book of Kings there is the prayer of Hannah, partially, because the whole of it was not committed to writing since she was ‘speaking in her heart’ when she perservered in prayer before the Lord; and in Psalms, the seventeenth psalm is entitled “A prayer of David,.” and the ninetieth “A prayer of Moses, man of God,.” and the hundred and second “A prayer of a poor man at a time he is weary and pours forth his supplication before the Lord.”

2.5 αἱ τοιαῦται δὲ εὐχαὶ αἱ ὄντως πνευματικαὶ, προσευχομένου ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ τῶν ἁγίων τοῦ πνεύματος, ἀνεγράφησαν, πεπληρωμέναι ἀποῤῥήτων καὶ θαυμασίων δογμάτων· ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῇ πρώτῃ τῶν Βασιλειῶν ἐκ μέρους ἡ τῆςἌννης ?ὅλη γὰρ, < ὅτε ἐπλήθυνε προσευχομένη ἐνώπιον κυρίου, > λαλοῦσα < ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς, > οὐκ ? ἐχάρη γραφῇ , ἐν δὲ ψαλμοῖς ὁ ἑκκαιδέκατος ψαλμὸς < προσευχὴ τοῦ Δαυῒδ > ἐπιγέγραπται, καὶ ὁ ἔνατος καὶ ὀγδοηκοστὸς < προσευχὴ τῷ Μωϋσεῖ, ἀνθρώπῳ τοῦ θεοῦ, > καὶ ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ἑκατοστὸς < προσευχὴ τῷ πτωχῷ, ὅταν ἀκηδιάσῃ καὶ ἐναντίον κυρίου ἐκχέῃ τὴν δέησιν αὐτοῦ > ·

These are prayers which, because truly prayers made and spoken with the spirit, are also full of the declarations of the wisdom of God, so that one may say of the truths they proclaim “Who is wise that he shall understand them? And understanding, then he shall fully know them.”

αἵτινες προσευχαὶ, ἐπεὶ ἀληθῶς ἦσαν προσευχαὶ γινόμεναι πνεύματι λεγόμεναί τε, καὶ τῶν δογμάτων τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ σοφίας πεπλήρωνται, ὥστε εἰπεῖν ἄν τινα περὶ τῶν ἐν αὐταῖς ἐπαγγελλομένων· < τίς σοφὸς, καὶ συνήσει ταύτας; καὶ συνετὸς, καὶ ἐπιγνώσεται αὐτάς; >

Since therefore it is so great an undertaking to write about prayer, in order to think and speak worthily of so great a subject, we need the special illumination of the Father, and the teaching of the first born Word himself, and the inward working of the Spirit, I pray as a man—for I by no means attribute to myself any capacity for prayer—that I may obtain the Spirit of prayer before I discourse upon it, and I entreat that a discourse full and spiritual may be granted to us and that the prayers recorded in the Gospels may be elucidated.

2.6 ἐπεὶ τοίνυν τηλικοῦτόν ἐστι τὸ περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς διαλαβεῖν, ὡς δεῖσθαι τοῦ καὶ εἰς τοῦτο φωτίζοντος πατρὸς καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ πρωτοτόκου λόγου διδάσκοντος τοῦ τε πνεύματος ἐνεργοῦντος εἰς τὸ νοεῖν καὶ λέγειν ἀξίως τοῦ τηλικούτου προβλήματος, εὐξάμενος ὡς ἄνθρωπος ?οὐ γάρ που ἐμαυτῷ δίδωμι χωρεῖν τὴν προσευχὴν  τοῦ πνεύματος πρὸ τοῦ λόγου τυχεῖν τῆς εὐχῆς ἀξιῶ, ἵνα λόγος πληρέστατος καὶ πνευματικὸς ἡμῖν δωρηθῇ, καὶ αἱ ἐν τοῖς εὐαγγε > λίοις ἀναγεγραμμέναι σαφηνισθῶσιν εὐχαί. ἀρκτέον οὖν ἤδη τοῦ περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς λόγου.

So let us now begin our discourse on Prayer.

CHAPTER II

SCRIPTURAL USES OF THE GENERAL WORDS FOR PRAYER

So far as I have observed, the first instance of the term prayer that I find is when Jacob, a fugitive from his brother Esau’s wrath, was on his way to Mesopotamia at the suggestion of Isaac and Rebecca. The passage runs: And Jacob vowed a vow (prayed a prayer), saying—If the Lord God will be with me, and guard me in this way that I am going, and give me bread to eat and raiment to put on, and bring me back in safety to my father’s house, then shall the Lord be my God and this stone which I have set up as a pillar shall be for me God’s house, and of all that you will give me I will give you tithe.

3.1 Πρῶτον δὴ τὸ ὄνομα τῆς εὐχῆς ὅσον ἐπὶ παρατηρήσει τῇ ἐμῇ εὑρίσκω κείμενον, ἡνίκα ὁἸακὼβ, φυγὰς γενόμενος τῆς ὀργῆς < τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ > ἑαυτοῦἨσαῦ, ἀπῄει < εἰς τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν > κατὰ τὰς ὑποθήκαςἸσαὰκ καὶῬεβέκκας. οὕτω δὲ ἔχει ἡ λέξις· < καὶ ηὔξατοἸακὼβ εὐχὴν, λέγων· ἐὰν ᾖ κύριος ὁ θεὸς μετ' ἐμοῦ καὶ διαφυλάξῃ με ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ ταύτῃ, ᾗ ἐγὼ πορεύομαι, καὶ δώῃ μοι ἄρτον φαγεῖν καὶ ἱμάτιον περιβαλέσθαι. καὶ ἀποστρέψῃ με μετὰ σωτηρίας εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου· καὶ ἔσται κύριός μοι εἰς θεὸν, καὶ ὁ λίθος οὗτος, ὃν ἔστησα στήλην, ἔσται μοι οἶκος θεοῦ, καὶ πάντων ὧν ἐάν μοι δῷς δεκάτην ἀποδεκατώσω αὐτά σοι. >

It should also to be remarked that the term prayer is in many places is different from prayer as we speak of it—as when applied in the case of one who professes that he will do certain things in exchange for obtaining certain other things from God. The expression prayer is, however, employed in our usual sense [in early texts]. Thus in Exodus after the scourge of frogs, the second in order of the ten, “Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and said to them: Pray unto the Lord for me that He withdraw the frogs from me and from my people; and I will send the people forth that they may sacrifice to the Lord.”

3.2 ἔνθα καὶ σημειωτέον ἐστὶν ὅτι τὸ ὄνομα τῆς εὐχῆς παρελήφθη πολλαχοῦ ἑτέρας οὔσης παρὰ τὴν προσευχὴν  ἐπὶ τοῦ μετὰ εὐχῆς ἐπαγγελλομένου τάδε τινὰ ποιήσειν, εἰ τύχοι ἀπὸ θεοῦ τῶνδε. τάσσεται μέντοι καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς κατὰ συνήθειαν ἡμῶν λεγομένοις ἡ ὀνομασία· ὥσπερ ἐνἘξόδῳ εὕρομεν οὕτως μετὰ τὴν ἐπὶ τοῖς βατράχοις μάστιγα, τῇ τάξει τῶν δέκα οὖσαν δευτέραν, < ἐκάλεσε Φαραὼ Μωϋσέα καὶἈαρὼν καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· εὔξασθε περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον, καὶ περιελέτω τοὺς βατράχους ἀπ' ἐμοῦ καὶ τοῦ λαοῦ μου· καὶ ἐξαποστελῶ τὸν λαὸν, καὶ θύσωσι κυρίῳ. >

And if, because Pharaoh’s word is aw-thar’ anyone should be sceptical as to aw-thar’ meaning here prayer as well as vow, he should observe what follows: “Moses said to Pharaoh, ‘Kindly tell me when I am to pray (aw-thar’) for you and for your officials and for your people, that the frogs may be removed from you and your houses and be left only in the Nile.’”

ἐὰν δὲ δυσπειθῶς τις ἔχῃ διὰ τὸ τοῦ Φαραὼ εἶναι φωνὴν τὴν < εὔξασθε > πρὸς τὸ σημαίνεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς εὐχῆς πρὸς τῷ προτέρῳ καὶ τὸ σύν > ηθες, παρατηρητέον καὶ τὸ ἑξῆς οὕτως ἔχον· < εἶπε δὲ Μωϋσῆς πρὸς Φαραώ· τάξαι πρός με, πότε εὔξομαι περὶ σοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν θεραπόντων σου καὶ τοῦ λαοῦ σου, ἀφανίσαι τοὺς βατράχους ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ λαοῦ σου καὶ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν ὑμῶν· πλὴν ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ὑπολειφθήσονται. >

In the case of the fleas, the third scourge, I have observed that neither does Pharaoh entreat that prayer be made nor does Moses pray. In the case of the flies, the fourth, he says: Pray therefore unto the Lord for me.

3.3 παρετηρήσαμεν δὲ ὅτι ἐπὶ ταῖς σκνιψὶ, τῇ τρίτῃ μάστιγι, οὔτε Φαραὼ εὐχὴν γενέσθαι ἀξιοῖ οὔτε Μωϋσῆς εὔχεται. καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ κυνομυίᾳ δὲ, οὔσῃ τετάρτῃ, λέγει· < εὔξασθε οὖν περὶ ἐμοῦ πρὸς κύριον, >

Then Moses also said: I will go out from you and pray unto God and the flies shall go away from Pharaoh and his servants and his people tomorrow. And shortly after: So Moses went out from Pharaoh and prayed unto God. Again in the case of the fifth and the sixth scourge neither did Pharaoh entreat that prayer should be made nor did Moses pray, but in the case of the seventh Pharaoh sent and called for Moses and Aaron and said to them: I have sinned this time; the Lord is righteous, I and my people are impious. Therefore pray unto the Lord that there be an end of thunder and hail and fire. And shortly after: Moses went out from Pharaoh outside the city, and stretched forth his hands unto the Lord and there was an end to the thunder.

ὅτε καὶ εἶπε Μωϋσῆς ὅτι < ἐγὼ ἐξελεύσομαι ἀπὸ σοῦ καὶ εὔξομαι πρὸς τὸν θεὸν, καὶ ἀπελεύσεται ἡ κυνόμυια ἀπὸ Φαραὼ καὶ τῶν θεραπόντων αὐτοῦ καὶ τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ αὔριον > · καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα· < ἐξῆλθε δὲ Μωϋσῆς ἀπὸ Φαραὼ καὶ ηὔξατο πρὸς τὸν θεόν. > πάλιν δὲ ἐπὶ τῆς πέμπτης καὶ ἕκτης μάστιγος οὔτε Φαραὼ ἀξιώσαντος εὐχὴν γενέσθαι οὔτε Μωϋσέως εὐξαμένου, ἐπὶ τῆς ἑβδόμης < ἀποστείλας Φαραὼ ἐκάλεσε Μωϋσέα καὶἈαρὼν καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς· ἡμάρτηκα τὸ νῦν· ὁ κύριος δίκαιος, ἐγὼ δὲ καὶ ὁ λαός μου ἀσεβής. εὔξασθε οὖν πρὸς κύριον, καὶ παυσάσθω τοῦ γενηθῆναι φωνὰς θεοῦ καὶ χάλαζαν καὶ πῦρ > · καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα· < ἐξῆλθε Μωϋσῆς ἀπὸ Φαραὼ ἐκτὸς τῆς πόλεως καὶ ἐξεπέτασε τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς κύριον, καὶ αἱ φωναὶ ἐπαύσαντο. >

Why is it not as in the foregoing cases?And he prayed, but he stretched forth his hands unto the Lord. That is a question to be considered more conveniently elsewhere. In the case of the eighth scourge, however, Pharaoh says . . . and pray (aw-thar’) to the LORD your God that at the least he remove this deadly thing from me.” So Moses went out from Pharaoh and prayed (aw-thar’) unto God.

διὰ τί δὲ οὐκ εἴρηται < καὶ ηὔξατο > ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν προτέρων ἀλλ' < ἐξεπέτασε τὰς χεῖρας πρὸς κύριον, > εὐκαιρότερον ἐν ἄλλοις ἐξεταστέον. καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ὀγδόης δὲ μάστιγός φησιν ὁ Φαραώ· < καὶ προσεύξασθε πρὸς κύριον τὸν θεὸν ὑμῶν, καὶ περιελέτω ἀπ' ἐμοῦ τὸν θάνατον τοῦτον. ἐξῆλθε δὲ Μωϋσῆς ἀπὸ Φαραὼ καὶ ηὔξατο πρὸς τὸν θεόν. >

We said that the term prayer (aw-thar’) is, as in Jacob’s case, in many places employed in a sense other than the customary. In Leviticus for instance: The Lord spoke to Moses saying: Speak to the children of Israel; and you shall say unto them:

3.4 πολλαχοῦ δὲ εἴπομεν τὸ ὄνομα τῆς εὐχῆς μὴ κατὰ τὸ σύνηθες τετάχθαι ὥσπερ ἐπὶ τοῦἸακώβ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν Λευϊτικῷ· < ἐλάλησε κύριος πρὸς Μωϋσέα λέγων· λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖςἸσραὴλ, καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς·

Whoever vows (naw-dar’) a vow (neh’-der), setting a price upon his soul to the Lord, his price, if a male from twenty to sixty years, shall be fifty didrachims of silver, sanctuary standard. And in Numbers: And the Lord spoke to Moses saying: Speak to the Children of Israel; and you shall say unto them: Man or woman, whoever vows (naw-dar’) a great vow of consecration to the Lord, shall be consecrate from wine and strong drink—and so on of the so-called Nazarite; then, shortly after: and shall hallow his head in that day in which he was hallowed to the Lord for the days of the vow.

ὃς <ἐὰν> εὔξηται εὐχὴν ὥστε τιμὴν τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ, ἔσται ἡ τιμὴ τοῦ ἄῤῥενος, ἀπὸ εἰκοσαετοῦς ἕως ἑξηκονταετοῦς ἔσται αὐτοῦ ἡ τιμὴ πεντήκοντα δίδραχμα ἀργυρίου τῷ σταθμίῳ τῷ ἁγίῳ > · καὶ ἐνἈριθμοῖς· < καὶ ἐλάλησε κύριος πρὸς Μωϋσέα λέγων· λάλησον τοῖς υἱοῖςἸσραὴλ, καὶ ἐρεῖς πρὸς αὐτούς· ἀνὴρ ἢ γυνὴ, ὃς ἐὰν μεγάλως εὔξηται εὐχὴν ἀφαγνίσασθαι ἁγνείαν κυρίῳ, ἀπὸ οἴνου καὶ σίκερα ἁγνισθήσεται > καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς περὶ τοῦ καλουμένου Ναζιραίου, εἶτα μετ' ὀλίγα· < καὶ ἁγιάσει τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, ᾗ ἡγιάσθη κυρίῳ τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς εὐχῆς, >

And again shortly after: This is the law for him that has vowed when he shall have fulfilled the days of his vow . . . ; and again shortly after: And after that, he that has vowed will drink wine. This is the law for him that has vowed, whoever has vowed his votive gift to the Lord, apart from what his hand may find by virtue of his vow which he has vowed according to the law of consecration. And towards the end of Numbers: And Moses spoke to the rulers of the tribes of the Children of Israel saying, This is the thing which the Lord has decreed: A man who has vowed a vow to the Lord or sworn an oath or entered a bond, on his soul shall not desecrate his word: all that has gone out of his mouth shall he do.

καὶ πάλιν μετ' ὀλίγα· < οὗτος ὁ νόμος τοῦ εὐξαμένου· ᾗ ἂν ἡμέρᾳ πληρώσῃ ἡμέραν εὐχῆς αὐτοῦ, > καὶ πάλιν μετ' ὀλίγον· < καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πίεται ὁ ηὐγμένος οἶνον. οὗτος ὁ νόμος τοῦ εὐξαμένου, ὃς ἐὰν εὔξηται κυρίῳ δῶρον αὐτοῦ περὶ τῆς εὐχῆς, χωρὶς ὧν ἂν εὕρῃ ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ κατὰ δύναμιν τῆς εὐχῆς αὐτοῦ, ἧς ἂν εὔξηται κατὰ τὸν νόμον ἁγνείας, > καὶ πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῶνἈριθμῶν· < καὶ ἐλάλησε Μωϋσῆς πρὸς τοὺς ἄρχοντας τῶν φυλῶν υἱῶνἸσραὴλ λέγων· τοῦτο τὸ ῥῆμα, ὃ συνέταξε κύριος· ἄνθρωπος, ὃς ἐὰν εὔξηται εὐχὴν κυρίῳ ἢ ὀμόσῃ ὅρκον ὁρισμῷ ἢ ὁρίσηται περὶ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτοῦ, οὐ βεβηλώσει τὸ ῥῆμα αὐτοῦ· πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐξέλθῃ ἐκ τοῦ στόματος αὐτοῦ ποιήσει.

And if a woman has vowed a vow to the Lord or entered a bond in the house of her father in her youth, and her father has heard her vows and her bonds that she entered into against her soul, and her father has let them pass in silence, all her vows shall stand, and her bonds that she entered into against her soul shall remain: after which he lays down sundry other laws for such a woman. In this sense it is written in Proverbs: [I have a peace offering: today I pay my vows; and a foolish son is a father’s shame: unhallowed are vows from a harlot’s hire; and] it is a snare to a man to hallow hastily anything of his own: for after vowing comes repenting.

ἐὰν δὲ γυνὴ εὔξηται εὐχὴν κυρίῳ ἢ ὁρίσηται ὁρισμὸν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς ἐν τῇ νεότητι αὐτῆς, καὶ ἀκούσῃ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῆς τὰς εὐχὰς αὐτῆς καὶ τοὺς ὁρισμοὺς αὐτῆς, οὓς ὡρίσατο κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς, καὶ παρασιωπήσῃ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτῆς, στήσονται πᾶσαι αἱ εὐχαὶ αὐτῆς, καὶ πάντες οἱ ὁρισμοὶ, οὓς ὡρίσατο κατὰ τῆς ψυχῆς αὐτῆς, μενοῦσιν αὐτῇ > · καὶ ἑξῆς τούτοις τινὰ περὶ τῆς τοιαύτης νομοθετεῖ. κατὰ τοῦτο τὸ σημαινόμενον ἐν ταῖς Παροιμίαις γέγραπται < <παγὶς> ἀνδρὶ ταχύ τι τῶν ἰδίων ἁγιάσαι· μετὰ γὰρ τὸ εὔξασθαι μετανοεῖν γίνεται > ·

And in Ecclesiastes: Better not vow than vow without paying; and in the Acts of the Apostles: There are among us four men of their own accord under a vow.

καὶ ἐν τῷἘκκλησιαστῇ· < ἀγαθὸν τὸ μὴ εὔξασθαι ἢ τὸ εὔξασθαι καὶ μὴ ἀποδοῦναι > · καὶ ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσι τῶν ἀποστόλων· < εἰσὶν ἄνδρες παρ' ἡμῖν τέσσαρες, εὐχὴν ἔχοντες ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν. >

I thought it not out of place first to distinguish the meaning of prayer (aw-thar’) in its two senses, and similarly of prayer (neh’-der), for the latter turn in addition to its common and customary general usage, is also employed, in the sense which we are accustomed to attach to vow in what is told of Hannah in the first book of Samuel:

4.1 Οὐκ ἄλογον δή μοι ἐφάνη τὸ κατὰ τὰς γραφὰς σημαινόμενον πρῶτον διαστείλασθαι τῆς εὐχῆς δύο σημαινούσης, ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τῆς προσευχῆς· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ ὄνομα πρὸς τῷ κοινῷ καὶ συνήθει πολλαχοῦ κειμένῳ τέτακται καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κατὰ τὸ σύνηθες ἡμῖν σημαινόμενον [τῆς] εὐχῆς ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῆς Ἄννης λεγομένοις ἐν τῇ πρώτῃ τῶν Βασιλειῶν·

Now Eli the priest was sitting on a seat at the doorway of the temple of the Lord. And she was in bitterness of soul and prayed (paw-lal’) unto the Lord and wept sore. And she vowed (naw-dar’) a vow (neh’-der) and said: O Lord of hosts, if you will indeed look on the humiliation of your bondwoman and remember me and forget not your bondwoman and will give to your bondwoman male seed, then will I give him in gift to the Lord all the days of his life, and no razor shall come upon his head.

< καὶ Ἠλεὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐκάθητο ἐπὶ θρόνου ἐπὶ φλιῶν ναοῦ κυρίου. καὶ αὐτὴ ψυχῇ πικρᾷ καὶ προσηύξατο πρὸς κύριον καὶ κλαυθμῷ ἔκλαυσε. καὶ ηὔξατο εὐχὴν καὶ εἶπε· κύριε τῶν δυνάμεων, ἐὰν ἐφοράσει ἐπίδῃς ἐπὶ τὴν ταπείνωσιν τῆς δούλης σου καὶ μνησθῇς μου καὶ μὴ ἐπιλάθῃ τῆς δούλης σου καὶ δῷς τῇ δούλῃ σου σπέρμα ἀνδρὸς, καὶ δώσω αὐτὸν τῷ κυρίῳ δοτὸν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ, καὶ σίδηρος οὐκ ἀναβήσεται ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ.>

And yet in this instance, one may, not without plausibility, with special regard to the words “she prayed (paw-lal’) unto the Lord,.” “and she vowed a vow,.” Ask whether, as she has done both of two things, that is “prayed unto the Lord” “and vowed a vow,.” the word prayed ( paw-lal’) on the one hand is not employed in our customary signification of prayer (aw-thar’), and “vowed a vow” on the other hand in the sense in which it is employed in Leviticus and Numbers.

4.2 δύναται μέντοι γε τὶς οὐκ ἀπιθάνως ἐνταῦθα, ἐπιστήσας τῷ < προσηύξατο πρὸς κύριον > < καὶ ηὔξατο εὐχὴν, > εἰπεῖν ὅτι, εἰ τὰ δύο πεποίηκε, τουτέστι < προσηύξατο πρὸς κύριον > < καὶ ηὔξατο εὐχὴν, > μή ποτε τὸ μὲν < προσηύξατο > ἐπὶ τῆς συνήθως ἡμῖν ὀνομαζομένης τέτακται εὐχῆς τὸ δὲ < ηὔξατο εὐχὴν > ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐν Λευϊτικῷ καὶ Ἀριθμοῖς τεταγμένου σημαινομένου.

For “I will give him in gift to the Lord all the days of his life, and no razor shall come upon his head” is strictly not a prayer but such a vow as Jephthah also vowed in the passage; and Jephthah vowed a vow to the Lord and said: If you will indeed deliver the children of Ammon into my hand, then it shall be that whoever comes out of the doors of my house to meet me on my return in peace from the Children of Ammon shall be the Lord’s and I will offer him up as a burnt offering.

τὸ γὰρ < δώσω αὐτὸν κυρίῳ δοτὸν πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ, καὶ σίδηρος οὐκ ἀναβήσεται ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ > κυρίως οὐκ ἔστι προσευχὴ ἀλλ' ἐκείνη ἡ εὐχὴ, ἥντινα καὶἸεφθάε ηὔξατο ἐν τούτοις· < καὶ ηὔξατοἸεφθάε εὐχὴν τῷ κυρίῳ καὶ εἶπεν· ἐὰν παραδώσει παραδῷς μοι τοὺς υἱοὺςἈμμὼν ἐν χειρί μου, καὶ ἔσται ὃς ἐὰν ἐξέλθῃ ἐκ τῶν θυρῶν τοῦ οἴκου μου εἰς ἀπάντησίν μου ἐν τῷ ἐπιστρέψαι με ἐν εἰρήνῃ ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶνἈμμὼν, καὶ ἔσται τῷ κυρίῳ, καὶ ἀνοίσω αὐτὸν ὁλοκαύτωμα. >

CHAPTER III

OBJECTIONS TO PRAYER

If then I must next, as you have urged, set forth in the first place the arguments of those who told that nothing is accomplished as a result of prayers and therefore allege that prayer is superfluous, I shall not hesitate to do that also according to my ability—the term prayer being now used in its more common and general sense. In such disrepute indeed is the view and to such a degree has it failed to obtain champions of distinction that, among those who admit a Providence and set a God over the universe, not a soul can be found who does not believe in prayer.

5.1 Εἰ χρὴ τοίνυν μετὰ ταῦτα, ὥσπερ ἐκελεύσατε, ἐκθέσθαι τὰ πιθανὰ πρῶτον τῶν οἰομένων μηδὲν ἀπὸ τῶν εὐχῶν ἀνύεσθαι καὶ διὰ τοῦτο φασκόντων περισσὸν εἶναι τὸ εὔχεσθαι, οὐκ ὀκνήσομεν κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, κοινότερον νῦν καὶ ἁπλούστερον τοῦ τῆς εὐχῆς ὀνόματος ἡμῖν λεγομένου  οὕτω δὴ ὁ λόγος ἐστὶν ἄδοξος καὶ μὴ τυχὼν ἐπισήμων τῶν προϊσταμένων αὐτοῦ, ὥστε μηδὲ πάνυ εὑρίσκεσθαι, ὅστις ποτὲ τῶν πρόνοιαν παραδεξαμένων καὶ θεὸν ἐπιστησάντων τοῖς ὅλοις εὐχὴν μὴ προσίεται.

The opinion (sentiment) belongs either to utter atheists who deny the existence of God, or assume a God, as far as the name goes, but deprive Him of providence. Already, it must be said, the adverse inworking, with intent to wrap the most impious of opinions around the name of Christ and around the teaching of the Son of God, has made some converts on the needlessness of prayer—a sentiment which find champions in those who by every means do away with outward forms, eschewing baptism and eucharist alike, misrepresenting the Scriptures as not actually meaning this that we call prayer but as teaching something quite different from it.

ἔστι γὰρ τὸ δόγμα ἤτοι τῶν πάντῃ ἀθέων καὶ τὴν οὐσίαν τοῦ θεοῦ ἀρνουμένων ἢ τῶν μέχρις ὀνόματος τιθέντων θεὸν τὴν πρόνοιαν δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀποστερούντων. ἤδη μέντοι γε ἡ ἀντικειμένη ἐνέργεια, τὰ ἀσεβέστατα τῶν δογμάτων περιτιθέναι θέλουσα τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ περὶ τοῦ μὴ δεῖν εὔχεσθαι δεδύνηται πεῖσαί τινας· ἧς γνώμης προΐστανται οἱ τὰ αἰσθητὰ πάντῃ ἀναιροῦντες καὶ μήτε βαπτίσματι μήτε εὐχαριστίᾳ χρώμενοι, συκοφαντοῦντες τὰς γραφὰς, ὡς καὶ τὸ εὔχεσθαι τοῦτο οὐ βουλομένας ἀλλ' ἕτερόν τι σημαινόμενον παρὰ τοῦτο διδασκούσας.

Those who reject prayers, while, that is to say, setting a God over the universe and affirming Providence—for it is not my present task to consider the statements of those who by every means do away with a God or Providence—might reason as follows: God knows all things before they come to be. There is nothing that upon its entrance into existence is then first known by Him as previously unknown. What need to send up prayer to One who, even before we pray, knows what things we have need of? For the heavenly Father knows what things we have need of before we ask Him.

5.2 εἶεν δ' ἂν οἱ λόγοι τῶν ἀθετούντων τὰς εὐχὰς οὗτοι δηλονότι θεὸν ἐφιστάντων τοῖς ὅλοις καὶ πρόνοιαν εἶναι λεγόντων· οὐ γὰρ πρόκειται νῦν ἐξετάζειν τὰ λεγόμενα ὑπὸ τῶν πάντῃ ἀναιρούντων θεὸν ἢ πρόνοιαν · < ὁ θεὸς > οἶδε < τὰ πάντα πρὸ γενέσεως αὐτῶν, > καὶ οὐδὲν ἐκ τοῦ ἐνεστηκέναι ὅτε ἐνέστηκε πρῶτον αὐτῷ γινώσκεται ὡς πρὸ τούτου μὴ γνωσθέν· τίς οὖν χρεία ἀναπέμπεσθαι εὐχὴν τῷ καὶ πρὶν εὔξασθαι ἐπισταμένῳ ὧν χρῄζομεν; < οἶδε γὰρ ὁ πατὴρ ὁ οὐράνιος ὧν χρείαν > ἔχομεν < πρὸ τοῦ > ἡμᾶς < αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν. >

It is reasonable to believe that as Father and Artificer of the universe who loves all things that are and abhors nothing that He has made, quite apart from prayer He safely manages the affairs of each like a father who champions his infant children without awaiting their entreaty when they are either utterly incapable of asking or through ignorance often desirous of getting the opposite of what is to their profit and advantage. We men come further short of God even than the merest children of the intelligence of their parents.

εὔλογον δὲ πατέρα καὶ δημιουργὸν αὐτὸν ὄντα τοῦ παντὸς, ἀγαπῶντα < τὰ ὄντα πάντα > καὶ μη<δὲν> βδελυσσόμενον ὧν πεποίηκε, σωτηρίως τὰ περὶ ἕκαστον καὶ χωρὶς τοῦ εὔξασθαι οἰκονομεῖν δίκην πατέρος, νηπίων προϊσταμένου καὶ μὴ περιμένοντος ἐκείνων τὴν ἀξίωσιν, ἤτοι μηδ' ὅλως δυναμένων αἰτεῖν ἢ διὰ ἄγνοιαν πολλάκις τὰ ἐναντία τοῖς συμφέρουσι καὶ λυσιτελοῦσι θελόντων λαβεῖν. ἀπολειπόμεθα δὲ οἱ ἄνθρωποι πλεῖον τοῦ θεοῦ ἤπερ τὰ κομιδῇ παιδία τοῦ νοῦ τῶν γεγεννηκότων.

And in all likelihood the things that are to be are not only foreknown but prearranged by God, and nothing takes place contrary to His prearrangement. Were anyone to pray for sunrise he would be thought a simpleton for entreating through prayer for the occurrence of what was to take place quite apart from his prayer: In like manner a man would be a fool to believe that his prayer was responsible for the occurrence of what was to take place in any case even had he never prayed.

5.3 εἰκὸς <δὲ> τῷ θεῷ οὐ μόνον προεγνῶσθαι τὰ ἐσόμενα ἀλλὰ καὶ προδιατετάχθαι, καὶ μηδὲν αὐτῷ παρὰ τὰ προδιατεταγμένα γίνεσθαι. ὥσπερ οὖν εἴ τις εὔχοιτο ἀνατέλλειν τὸν ἥλιον, ἠλίθιος ἂν νομίζοιτο, τὸ καὶ χωρὶς τῆς εὐχῆς αὐτοῦ ἐσόμενον διὰ τῆς εὐχῆς γενέσθαι ἀξιῶν· οὕτως ἀνόητος ἂν εἴη ἄνθρωπος, ὅστις οἴεται διὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ εὐχὴν γίνεσθαι τὰ καὶ μὴ εὐξαμένου αὐτοῦ πάντως ἐσόμενα ἄν.

And again, as it is the height of madness to imagine that, because one suffers discomfort and fever under the sun at Summer Solstice, the Sun is through prayer to be transferred to the Springtime Zodiac, in order that one may have the benefit of temperate air, so it would be the height of infatuation to imagine that by reason of prayer one would not experience the misfortunes that meet the race of men by necessity.

πάλιν τε αὖ ὥσπερ πᾶσαν μανίαν ὑπερβάλλει ὁ διὰ τὸ ἐνοχλεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου γενομένου ἐν θεριναῖς τροπαῖς καὶ καυσοῦσθαι οἰόμενος διὰ τῆς εὐχῆς μεταστήσεσθαι τὸν ἥλιον ἐπὶ τὰ ἐαρινὰ σημεῖα, ἵνα εὐκράτου ἀπολαύῃ τοῦ ἀέρος· οὕτως τὰ ἀναγκαίως συμβαίνοντα περιστατικὰ τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένει εἴ τις οἴοιτο διὰ τὸ εὔχεσθαι μὴ πείσεσθαι, πᾶσαν <ἂν> ὑπερβάλοι μελαγχολίαν.

Moreover, if it be true that sinners are estranged from birth and the righteous man has been set apart from his mother’s womb, and if, while as yet they are unborn and have done neither good nor evil, it is said the elder shall serve the younger, that the elective purpose of God may stand based not on works but on the Caller, it is in vain that we entreat for forgiveness of sins or to receive a spirit of strength to the end that, Christ empowering us, we may have strength for all things.

5.4 εἰ δὲ καὶ < ἠλλοτριώθησαν ἁμαρτωλοὶ ἀπὸ μήτρας, > καὶ ἀφώρισται ὁ δίκαιος < ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς, > <καὶ> < μήπω μήτε γεννηθέντων μήτε πραξάντων τι ἀγαθὸν ἢ φαῦλον, ἵνα ἡ κατ' ἐκλογὴν πρόθεσις τοῦ θεοῦ μένῃ, οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ καλοῦντος, > λέγεται· < ὁ μείζων δουλεύσει τῷ ἐλάττονι, > μάτην περὶ ἀφέσεως ἁμαρτημάτων ἀξιοῦμεν ἢ περὶ τοῦ πνεῦμα ἰσχύος λαβεῖν, ἵνα < πάντα > ἰσχύσωμεν ἐνδυναμοῦντος ἡμᾶς Χριστοῦ.

If we are sinners, we are estranged from birth: if on the other hand we were set apart from our mother’s womb, the best of things will come our way even though we do not pray. It is prophesied before his birth that Jacob shall be over Esau and that his brother shall serve him: what has prayer to do with that? Of what impiety is Esau guilty that he is hated before his birth? To what purpose does Moses pray, as is found in the ninetieth psalm, if God is his refuge since before the mountains were settled and the earth and world were formed.

εἰ μὲν γὰρ < ἁμαρτωλοί > ἐσμεν, < ἀπὸ μήτρας > ἠλλοτριώμεθα· εἰ δὲ ἀφωρίσθημεν < ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς > ἡμῶν, τὰ κάλλιστα καὶ μὴ εὐχομένοις ἀπαντήσεται. ποίαν γὰρ εὐχὴν προσαγαγὼνἸακὼβ, πρὶν γεννηθῆναι, προφητεύεται ὅτι < ὑπερέξει > τοῦἨσαῦ, καὶ < δουλεύσει > αὐτῷ ὁ ἀδελφός; τί δὲ ἀσεβήσας ὁ <Ἠσαῦ > μισεῖται πρὶν γεννηθῆναι; ἵνα τί δὲ εὔχεται Μωϋσῆς, ὡς ἐν ὀγδοηκοστῷ ἐνάτῳ εὕρηται ψαλμῷ, εἰ < καταφυγὴ > αὐτοῦ ἐστιν ὁ θεὸς < πρὸ τοῦ ὄρη ἑδρασθῆναι καὶ πλασθῆναι τὴν γῆν καὶ τὴν οἰκουμένην; >

Besides, of all that are to be saved, it is recorded in the Epistle to Ephesians that the Father elected them in Him, in Christ, before the world’s foundation, that they should be holy and blameless before Him, preordaining them unto adoption as His sons through Christ.

5.5 ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ πάντων τῶν σωθησομένων ἐν τῇ πρὸςἘφεσίους ἀναγέγραπται ὅτι < ἐξελέξατο > αὐτοὺς < ἐν αὐτῷ, > < ἐν Χριστῷ > ὁ πατὴρ < πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου εἰς τὸ εἶναι > αὐτοὺς < ἁγίους καὶ ἀμώμους κατ' ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ, ἐν ἀγάπῃ προορίσας > αὐτοὺς < εἰς υἱοθεσίαν διὰ Χριστοῦ εἰς αὐτόν. >

Either, therefore, a man is elect, of the number of those who are so since before the world’s foundation, and can by no means fall from his election in which case he has therefore no need of prayer; or he is not elect nor yet preordained, in which case he prays in vain, since, though he should pray ten thousand times, he will not be listened to. For whom God foreknew, them He also preordained to conformity with the image of His Son’s glory; and whom He preordained, them He also called; and whom He called, them He also justified; and whom He justified, them He also glorified.

ἤτοι οὖν τις ἐκ τῶν < πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου > ἐστὶν ἐξειλεγμένος, καὶ ἀμήχανον αὐτὸν τῆς ἐκλογῆς ἐκπεσεῖν, διόπερ οὐ χρεία τούτῳ εὐχῆς· ἢ οὐκ ἐξείλεκται οὐδὲ προώρισται, καὶ μάτην εὔχεται, κἂν μυριάκις εὔξηται, οὐκ ἐπακουσθησόμενος. < οὓς > γὰρ < προέγνω > ὁ θεὸς, τούτους < καὶ προώρισε συμμόρφους τῆς εἰκόνος > < τῆς δόξης > < τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ. > < οὓς δὲ προώρισε, τούτους καὶ ἐκάλεσε· καὶ οὓς ἐκάλεσε, τούτους καὶ ἐδικαίωσεν· οὓς δὲ ἐδικαίωσε, τούτους καὶ ἐδόξασε.

Why is Josiah distressed, or why has he anxiety as to whether or not he will be listened to in prayer, when, many generations before, he was prophesied by name and his future action not only foreknown but foretold in the hearing of many. To what purpose, too, does Judas pray with the result that even his prayer turned to sin, when from David’s times it is pre-announced that he will lose his overseership, another receiving it in his stead.

> τί γὰρ κάμνει Ἰωσίας ἢ διὰ τί εὐχόμενος πεφρόντικε περὶ τοῦ πότερόν ποτε εἰσακουσθήσεται ἢ μὴ, πρὸ πολλῶν γενεῶν ὀνομαστὶ προφητευθεὶς καὶ περὶ τοῦ ὅ τι ποτὲ πράξει οὐ μόνον προγνωσθεὶς ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς ἐπήκοον πολλῶν προῤῥηθείς; ἵνα τί δὲ καὶἸούδας προσεύχεται, ὥστε καὶ τὴν προσευχὴν αὐτοῦ γενηθῆναι < εἰς ἁμαρτίαν, > ἀπὸ τῶν Δαυῒδ χρόνων προκηρυχθεὶς ὡς ἀπολέσων < τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν, > ἑτέρου ληψομένου ἀντ' αὐτοῦ αὐτήν;

It is self-evidently absurd, God being unchangeable and having pre-comprehended all things and adhering to His prearrangements, to pray in the belief that through prayer one will change His purpose, or, as though He had not already prearranged but awaited each individual’s prayer, to make intercession that He may arrange what suits the supplicant by reason of his prayer, there and then appointing what He approves as reasonable though He has previously not contemplated it.

αὐτόθεν δὲ ἀπεμφαίνει, ἀτρέπτου ὄντος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τὰ ὅλα προκατειληφότος μένοντός τε ἐν τοῖς προδιατεταγμένοις, εὔχεσθαι, οἰόμενον μετατρέψειν διὰ τῆς εὐχῆς αὐτοῦ τὴν πρόθεσιν ἢ ὡς μὴ προδιαταξαμένῳ ἀλλὰ περιμένοντι τὴν ἑκάστου εὐχὴν ἐντυγχάνειν, ἵνα διὰ τὴν εὐχὴν διατάξηται τὸ πρέπον τῷ εὐχομένῳ, τότε τάσσων τὸ δοκιμαζόμενον εἶναι εὔλογον οὐ πρότερον αὐτῷ τεθεωρημένον.

At this point the propositions you formulated in your letter to me may be set down word for word thus: Firstly, if God is foreknower of the future and it must come to pass, prayer is vain. Secondly, if all things come to pass by virtue of God’s will, and His decrees are fixed, and nothing that He wills can be changed, prayer is vain. Towards a solution of the difficulties which benumb the instinct of prayer, the following, as I believe, helpful considerations may be advanced.

5.6 κείσθω δὲ ἐν τοῖς παροῦσιν αὐταῖς λέξεσιν ἅπερ διὰ τῶν πρός με γραμμάτων ἔταξας, οὕτως ἔχοντα. < πρῶτον· εἰ προγνώστης ἐστὶν ὁ θεὸς τῶν μελλόντων, καὶ δεῖ αὐτὰ γίνεσθαι, ματαία ἡ προσευχή. δεύτερον· εἰ πάντα κατὰ βούλησιν θεοῦ γίνεται, καὶ ἀραρότα αὐτοῦ ἐστι τὰ βουλεύματα, καὶ οὐδὲν τραπῆναι ὧν βούλεται δύναται, ματαία ἡ προσευχή. > χρήσιμα δὲ, ὡς οἶμαι, ταῦτα πρὸς λύσιν τῶν ἀποναρκᾶν πρὸς τὸ εὔχεσθαι ποιούντων προδιαληπτέον.

Of objects that move, some have the cause of motion outside them. Such are objects which are lifeless and in passive motion simply by force of condition, and those which are moved by force of nature and of life in the same manner and not like things which move occasionally, for stones and stocks that have been quarried or cut off from growth, being in passive motion simply by force of condition, have the cause of motion outside them.

6.1 Τῶν κινουμένων τὰ μέν τινα τὸ κινοῦν ἔξωθεν ἔχει ὥσπερ τὰ ἄψυχα καὶ ὑπὸ ἕξεως μόνης συνεχόμενα καὶ τὰ ὑπὸ φύσεως καὶ ψυχῆς κινούμενα, οὐχ ᾗ τοιαῦτα ἔσθ' ὅτε κινούμενα ἀλλ' ὁμοίως τοῖς ὑπὸ ἕξεως μόνης συνεχομένοις· λίθοι γὰρ καὶ ξύλα, τὰ ἐκκοπέντα τοῦ μετάλλου ἢ τὸ φύειν ἀπολωλεκότα, ὑπὸ ἕξεως μόνης συνεχόμενα τὸ κινοῦν ἔξωθεν ἔχει,

Such too are dead bodies of animals and movable parts of plants, which change position under compulsion and not as animals and plants themselves change their position but in the same manner as stones and stocks cut off from growth—although even these may be said to move in respect that, all bodies in decay being in flux, they possess the motion inherently attendant upon decay. Besides these a second class of moving objects are those which move by force of their internal nature or life, which are said by those who use terms in their stricter sense to move of themselves.

ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ τῶν ζῴων σώματα καὶ τὰ φορητὰ τῶν πεφυτευμένων, ὑπό τινος μετατιθέμενα, οὐχ ᾗ ζῷα καὶ φυτὰ μετατίθεται ἀλλ' ὁμοίως λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις τοῖς τὸ φύειν ἀπολωλεκόσι· κἂν κινῆται καὶ ταῦτα τῷ ῥευστὰ εἶναι πάντα τὰ σώματα φθίνοντα, παρακολουθητικὴν ἔχει τὴν ἐν τῷ φθίνειν κίνησιν. δεύτερα δὲ παρὰ ταῦτά ἐστι κινούμενα τὰ ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνυπαρχούσης φύσεως ἢ ψυχῆς κινούμενα, ἃ καὶ ἐξ αὑτῶν κινεῖσθαι λέγεται παρὰ τοῖς κυριώτερον χρωμένοις τοῖς ὀνόμασι.

A third kind of movement is that in animals, which is termed spontaneous movement, whereas, in my opinion, the movement of rational beings is independent movement. If we withdraw from an animal spontaneous movement, it cannot be any longer conceived as even an animal; it will be like either a plant moving by mere force of nature or a stone borne along by some force external to it: Whenever an object follows its own peculiar movement, since that is what we have termed independent movement, it must needs be rational.

τρίτη δέ ἐστι κίνησις ἡ ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις, ἥτις ὀνομάζεται ἡ ἀφ' αὑτῶν κίνησις· οἶμαι δὲ ὅτι ἡ τῶν λογικῶν κίνησις δι' αὐτῶν ἐστι κίνησις. ἐὰν δὲ περιέλωμεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ζῴου τὴν ἀφ' αὑτοῦ κίνησιν, οὐδὲ ζῷον ἔτι ὂν ὑπονοηθῆναι δύναται, ἀλλὰ ἔσται ὅμοιον ἤτοι φυτῷ ὑπὸ φύσεως μόνης κινουμένῳ ἢ λίθῳ ὑπό τινος ἔξωθεν φερομένῳ. ἐὰν δὲ παρακολουθῇ τι τῇ ἰδίᾳ κινήσει, ἐπεὶ τοῦτο δι' αὐτοῦ κινεῖσθαι ὠνομάσαμεν, ἀνάγκη τοῦτο εἶναι λογικόν.

Those therefore who would have it that nothing is in our power, will necessarily assent to a most foolish statement, firstly that we are not animals, and secondly that neither are we rational beings, but that, what we are believed to do, we may be said to do by force as it were of some external cause of motion and in no sense moving ourselves.

6.2 οἱ τοίνυν θέλοντες μηδὲν εἶναι ἐφ' ἡμῖν, ἀναγκαίως ἠλιθιώτατόν τι παραδέξονται· πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι οὐκ ἐσμὲν ζῷα, δεύτερον δὲ ὅτι οὐδὲ λογικὰ, ἀλλ' οἷον ὑπὸ ἔξωθεν κινοῦντος αὐτοὶ οὐδαμῶς κινούμενοι ποιεῖν ὑπ' ἐκείνου λεγοίμεθα ἃ ποιεῖν νομιζόμεθα.

Let anyone, moreover, with special regard to his own feelings, see whether without shame he can deny that it is himself that wills, eats, walks, gives assent to and accepts certain opinions, dissents from others as false. There are certain opinions to which a man cannot possibly assent though he puts them with innumerable refinements of argument and with plausible reasoning: and similarly it is impossible to assent to any view of human affairs in which our free will is in no sense preserved.

ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῖς ἰδίοις πάθεσιν ἐπιστήσας τις ὁράτω, εἰ μὴ ἀναιδῶς ἐρεῖ μὴ αὐτὸς θέλειν καὶ μὴ αὐτὸς ἐσθίειν καὶ μὴ αὐτὸς περιπατεῖν μηδὲ αὐτὸς συγκατατίθεσθαι καὶ παραδέχεσθαι ὁποῖα δή ποτε τῶν δογμάτων μηδὲ αὐτὸς ἀνανεύειν πρὸς ἕτερα ὡς ψευδῆ. ὥσπερ οὖν πρός τινα δόγματα ἀμήχανον διατεθῆναι ἄνθρωπον, κἂν μυριάκις αὐτὰ κατασκευάζῃ εὑρεσιλογῶν καὶ πιθανοῖς λόγοις χρώμενος,

Who assents to the view that nothing is comprehensible, or lives as in complete suspense of judgement: Who that has received a sense perception of a domestic misdeed, forebears to reprove the servant? And who is there that does not censure a son who fails to pay the duty owed to parents, or does not blame and find fault with an adulteress as having committed a shameful act? Truth forces and compels us, in spite of innumerable refinements, to impulsive praise and blame, on the basis of our retention of free will with the responsibility in which it involves us.

οὕτως ἀδύνατον διατεθεῖσθαί τινα περὶ τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων, ὡς μηδαμῶς τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν σῳζομένου. τίς γὰρ διάκειται περὶ τοῦ μηδὲν εἶναι καταληπτὸν ἢ οὕτως βιοῖ, ὡς ἐπέχων περὶ παντὸς οὑτινοσοῦν; τίς δὲ οὐκ ἐπιπλήττει, φαντασίαν ἁμαρτήσαντος οἰκέτου λαβὼν, τῷ θεράποντι; καὶ τίς ἐστιν, ὃς μὴ αἰτιᾶται υἱὸν τὸ πρὸς γονεῖς καθῆκον μὴ ἀποδιδόντα ἢ μὴ μέμφεται καὶ ψέγει ὡς αἰσχρὸν πεποιηκυῖαν τὴν μεμοιχευμένην; βιάζεται γὰρ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἀναγκάζει, κἂν μυριάκις τις εὑρεσιλογῇ, ὁρμᾶν καὶ ἐπαινεῖν καὶ ψέγειν, ὡς τηρουμένου τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, καὶ τούτου ἐπαινετοῦ ἢ ψεκτοῦ γινομένου παρ' ἡμᾶς.

If our free will is in truth preserved with innumerable inclinations towards virtue or vice, towards either duty or its opposite, its future must like other things have been known by God, before coming to pass, from the world’s creation and foundation; and in all things prearranged by God in accordance with what He has seen of each act of our free wills. He has with due regard to each movement of our free wills prearranged what also is at once to occur in His providence and to take place according to the train of future events. God’s foreknowledge is not the cause of all future events including those that are to have their efficient cause in our freewill guided by impulse.

6.3 εἰ δὴ τὸ ἐφ' ἡμῖν σῴζεται, μυρίας ὅσας ἀπονεύσεις ἔχον πρὸς ἀρετὴν ἢ κακίαν καὶ πάλιν ἢ πρὸς τὸ καθῆκον ἢ πρὸς τὸ παρὰ τὸ καθῆκον, ἀναγκαίως τοῦτο μετὰ τῶν λοιπῶν, πρὶν γένηται, τῷ θεῷ ἔγνωσται < ἀπὸ κτίσεως > καὶ < καταβολῆς κόσμου > , ὁποῖον ἔσται· καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν, οἷς προδιατάσσεται ὁ θεὸς ἀκολούθως οἷς ἑώρακε περὶ ἑκάστου ἔργου τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν, προδιατέτακται κατ' ἀξίαν ἑκάστῳ κινήματι τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν τὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς προνοίας αὐτῷ ἀπαντησόμενον ἔτι δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὸν εἱρμὸν τῶν ἐσομένων συμβησόμενον, οὐχὶ τῆς προγνώσεως τοῦ θεοῦ αἰτίας γινομένης τοῖς ἐσομένοις πᾶσι καὶ ἐκ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν κατὰ τὴν ὁρμὴν ἡμῶν ἐνεργηθησομένοις.

Even though we should suppose God ignorant of the future, we shall not on that account be incapacitated for effecting this and willing that. Rather it ensues from His foreknowledge that our individual free wills receive adjustment to suit the universal arrangement needful for the constitution of the world.

εἰ γὰρ καὶ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν μὴ γινώσκοι ὁ θεὸς τὰ ἐσόμενα, οὐ παρὰ τοῦτο ἀπολοῦμεν τὸ τάδε τινὰ ἐνεργήσειν καὶ τάδε θελήσειν· πλέον δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς προγνώσεως γίνεται τὸ κατάταξιν λαμβάνειν εἰς τὴν τοῦ παντὸς διοίκησιν χρειώδη τῇ τοῦ κόσμου καταστάσει τὸ ἑκάστου ἐφ' ἡμῖν.

If, therefore, our individual free wills have been known by Him, and if in His providence He has on that account been careful to make due arrangement for each one, it is reasonable to believe that He has also pre-comprehended what a particular man is to pray in that faith, what his disposition, and what his desire.

6.4 εἰ τοίνυν τὸ ἑκάστου ἐφ' ἡμῖν αὐτῷ ἔγνωσται, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο προεωραμένον αὐτῷ διατάττεσθαι ἀπὸ τῆς προνοίας τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν παντί τῳ εὔλογον καὶ τὸ τί εὔξηται <καὶ> ποίαν διάθεσιν ἔχων ὁ δεῖνα οὕτως πιστεύων καὶ τί βουλόμενος αὐτῷ γενέσθαι προκατειλῆφθαι·

That being so, in His arrangement it will accordingly have been ordained somewhat after this wise: This man I will hear for the sake of the prayer that he will pray, because he will pray wisely: but that man I will not hear, either because he will be unworthy of being heard, or because his prayer will be for things neither profitable for the suppliant to receive nor becoming me to bestow: and in the case of this prayer, of some particular person, let us say, I will not hear him, but in the case of that I will.

οὗ προκαταληφθέντος, καὶ τοιοῦτόν τι ἀκολούθως ἐν τῇ διατάξει τετάξεται, ὅτι τοῦδε μὲν ἐπακούσομαι συνετῶς εὐξομένου δι' αὐτὴν τὴν εὐχὴν, ἣν εὔξεται, τοῦδε δὲ οὐκ ἐπακούσομαι ἤτοι διὰ τὸ ἀνάξιον αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι τοῦ ἐπακουσθήσεσθαι ἢ διὰ τὸ ταῦτα αὐτὸν εὔξασθαι, ἃ μήτε τῷ εὐχομένῳ λυσιτελεῖ λαβεῖν μήτε ἐμοὶ πρέπον παρασχεῖν· καὶ κατὰ τήνδε μὲν τὴν εὐχὴν, φέρε εἰπεῖν, τοῦ δεῖνος οὐκ ἐπακούσομαι αὐτοῦ κατὰ τήνδε δὲ ἐπακούσομαι.

Should the fact of God’s unerring foreknowledge of the future disquiet anyone by suggesting that things have been necessarily determined, we must tell him that it is a real part of God’s fixed knowledge that a particular man will not with any fixed certainty choose the better or so desire the worse as to become incapable of a change for his good.

ἐὰν δέ τις ταράττηται διὰ τὸ μὴ οὐ ψεύσασθαι τὸν θεὸν τὰ μέλλοντα προεγνωκότα, ὡς τῶν πραγμάτων κατηναγκασμένων, λεκτέον πρὸς τὸν τοιοῦτον ὅτι αὐτὸ τοῦτο τῷ θεῷ ἔγνωσται ἀραρότως, τὸ μὴ ἀραρότως τόνδε τινὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ βεβαίως βούλεσθαι τὰ κρείττονα ἢ οὕτω θελήσειν τὰ χείρονα, ὥστε ἀνεπίδεκτον αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι μεταβολῆς τῆς ἐπὶ τὰ συμφέροντα.

And again I will do this for this man when he prays, as becomes me seeing that he will pray without reproach and will not be negligent in prayer: upon that man who will pray for a certain amount, I will bestow this abundantly in excess of his asking or thinking, for it becomes me to surpass him in well doing and to furnish more than he has been capable of asking.

καὶ πάλιν τάδε μέν τινα ποιήσω τῷδε εὐξομένῳ, ἐμοὶ γὰρ τοῦτο πρέπον ἐστὶν οὐ ψεκτῶς μοι εὐξομένῳ οὐδὲ ἀμελῶς περὶ τὴν εὐχὴν ἀναστραφησομένῳ· τῷδε δὲ ἐπὶ ποσὸν εὐξομένῳ < ὑπερεκπερισσοῦ ὧν > αἰτεῖται ἢ νοεῖ δωρήσομαι τάδε τινὰ, ἐμοὶ γὰρ τόνδε πρέπει νικᾶν ἐν ταῖς εὐποιΐαις καὶ χορηγεῖν πλείονα ὧν αἰτῆσαι κεχώρηκε.

To this other man of a particular character I will send this angel as minister, to cooperate from a certain time in his salvation and to be with him for a certain period: to that other, who will be a better man than he, that angel of higher rank than his. From this man who, after having devoted himself to the higher views will gradually relax and fall back upon the more material, I will withdraw this superior cooperator, upon whose withdrawal that duly inferior power, having found an opportunity to get at his slackness, will set upon him and when he has given himself up in readiness to sin, will incite him to these particular sins. So we may imagine the Prearranger of All saying:

καὶ τῷδε μέν τινι τοιῷδε ἐσομένῳ τόνδε τὸν ἄγγελον λειτουργὸν ἐπιπέμψω, ἀπὸ τοῦδε ἀρξόμενον τοῦ χρόνου συνεργεῖν αὐτοῦ τῇ σωτηρίᾳ καὶ μέχρι τοῦδε συνεσόμενον, τῷδε δὲ τόνδε, φέρε εἰπεῖν, τὸν τοῦδε τιμιώτερον, τῷ τοῦδε ἐσομένῳ κρείττονι. τοῦδε δέ τινος, μετὰ τὸ ἐπιδεδωκέναι ἑαυτὸν λόγοις τοῖς διαφέρουσιν ὑπεκλυθησομένου καὶ παλινδρομήσοντος ἐπὶ τὰ ὑλικώτερα, ἀποστήσω τόνδε τὸν κρείττονα συνεργόν· οὗ ἀποστάντος, κατ' ἀξίαν αὐτοῦ χείρων τις ἥδε ἡ δύναμις, καιρὸν εὑρηκυῖα τοῦ ἐπιβαίνειν τῇ ῥᾳθυμίᾳ, ἐπιστᾶσα ἐπὶ τάδε τινὰ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα αὐτὸν, ἕτοιμον ἑαυτὸν πρὸς τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν δεδωκότα, προκαλέσεται.

Amos will beget Josiah, who will not emulate his father’s faults but will find his way leading on to virtue, and will by aid of these companions be noble and good, so that he will tear down the evilly erected altar of Jeroboam. I also know that Judas, in the sojourn of my son among the race of men, will at the first be noble and good but later turn aside and fall away to human sins so that he will rightly suffer thus for them.

6.5 οὕτως οὖν ἤδη οἱονεὶ ἐρεῖ ὁ προδιατασσόμενος τὰ ὅλα ὅτιἈμὼς γεννήσει τὸνἸωσίαν, ὅστις οὐ ζηλώσει τὰ τοῦ πατρὸς πταίσματα ἀλλὰ τυχὼν τῆσδε τῆς ἐπ' ἀρετὴν προτρεπούσης ὁδοῦ διὰ τῶνδε τῶν συνεσομένων καλὸς ἔσται καὶ ἀγαθὸς, ὅστις κατασκάψει τὸ τοῦἹεροβοὰμ κακῶς οἰκοδομηθὲν θυσιαστήριον. οἶδα δὲ καὶἸούδαν, ἐπιδημήσαντός μου τοῦ υἱοῦ τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένει, κατὰ μὲν τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐσόμενον καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν ὕστερον δὲ ἐκτραπησόμενον καὶ εἰς τὰ ἀνθρώπινα ἁμαρτήματα ἐκπεσούμενον, ὅντινα ἐπὶ τούτοις εὔλογον ἔσται παθεῖν τάδε τινά.

This foreknowledge, it may be in regard to all things, certainly in regard to Judas and other mysteries, exists in the Son of God also, who in His discernment of the evolution of the future has seen Judas and the sins to be committed by him, so that, even before Judas came into existence, He in His comprehension has said through David the words beginning “O God, keep you not silence at my praise.”

?ἡ δὲ πρόγνωσις αὕτη τάχα μὲν ἐπὶ πάντων πάντως δὲ ἐπὶ Ἰούδα καὶ ἑτέρων μυστηρίων καὶ ἐν τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ θεοῦ γίνεται, ἑωρακότι τῇ κατανοήσει τοῦ ἐξελιγμοῦ τῶν ἐσομένων τὸνἸούδαν καὶ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα τὰ ἁμαρτηθησόμενα αὐτῷ· ὥστε μετὰ καταλήψεως αὐτὸν, καὶ πρὶν γενέσθαι τὸνἸούδαν, διὰ τοῦ Δαυῒδ εἰρηκέναι· < ὁ θεὸς, τὴν αἴνεσίν μου μὴ παρασιωπήσῃς > καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.

—Knowing as I do the future and what an influence Paul will have in the cause of religion, ere yet I set me to begin creation and found the world I will make choice of him: I will commit him from the moment of his birth to these powers that cooperate in men’s salvation.

εἰδὼς δὲ τὰ μέλλοντα, καὶ ὁποῖον τόνον ἕξει πρὸς τὴν θεοσέβειαν ὁ Παῦλος, ἐν ἐμαυτῷ μὲν, πρὶν κτίσαι τὸν κόσμον ἐπιβαλλόμενος τῇ ἀρχῇ τῆς κοσμοποιΐας, αὐτὸν ἐπιλέξομαι καὶ ταῖσδε συνεργούσαις ἀνθρώπων σωτηρίᾳ δυνάμεσιν ἅμα τῷ γεννηθῆναι παραθήσομαι,

I will set him apart from his mother’s womb. I will permit him at the first to fall in youth into an ignorant zeal and in the avowed cause of religion to persecute believers in my Christ and to keep the garments of them that stone my servant and witness Stephen, so that later at the close of his youthful wilfulness he may be given a fresh start and change for the best and yet not boast before me but may say: “I am not fit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God,.” and realizing the kindness that he will receive from me after his faults committed in youth in the avowed cause of religion may declare “It is by God’s grace that I am what I am”; and, being restrained by conscience by reason of the deeds he wrought while still young against Christ, he will not be excessively elated by the exceeding abundance of the revelations which in kindness I shall show him.

ἀφορίζων αὐτὸν < ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς > καὶ ἐπιτρέπων κατὰ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐν νεότητι ζήλῳ μετὰ ἀγνοίας ἐγγινομένῳ προφάσει θεοσεβείας διώκειν τοὺς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν μου πεπιστευκότας καὶ τηρεῖν < τὰ ἱμάτια > τῶν λιθοβολούντων τὸν θεραπευτήν μου καὶ μάρτυρα Στέφανον, ἵνα νεανιευσάμενος ὕστερον ἀφορμῆς λαβόμενος καὶ μεταβαλόμενος ἐπὶ τὰ βέλτιστα < μὴ καυχήσηται > < ἐνώπιον > ἐμοῦ ἀλλὰ λέγῃ· < οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος, διότι ἐδίωξα τὴν ἐκκλησίαν τοῦ θεοῦ, > καὶ αἰσθόμενος τῆς ἐσομένης μου εἰς αὐτὸν εὐεργεσίας μετὰ τὰ ἐν νεότητι προφάσει θεοσεβείας πταίσματα εἴπῃ· < χάριτι δὲ θεοῦ εἰμι ὅ εἰμι > · καὶ κωλυόμενος δὲ ὑπὸ τοῦ συνειδότος διὰ τὰ ὑπὸ νεανίου αὐτοῦ ἔτι τυγχάνοντος πεπραγμένα κατὰ Χριστοῦ οὐχ ὑπερεπαρθήσεται < τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν > ἐπ' εὐεργεσίᾳ φανερωθησομένων αὐτῷ < ἀποκαλύψεων. >

To the objection in reference to prayer for the rising of the Sun we may reply as follows. The Sun also possesses a certain free will, since he with the moon joins in praising God, for “Praise Him, Sun and Moon” it says: as also manifestly the moon and all the stars conformably, for it says “Praise Him all the stars and light.” As, therefore, we have said that God has employed the free will of individual beings on earth for the service of beings on earth in arranging them aright, so we may suppose that He has employed the free will, fixed and certain and steadfast and wise as it is, of sun, moon and stars in arranging the whole world of heaven with the course and movement of the stars in harmony with the whole.

7.1 Καὶ πρὸς τὸ περὶ τῆς ἐπὶ τῷ ἀνατέλλειν τὸν ἥλιον εὐχῆς ταῦτα λεκτέον. ἔστι τι καὶ τοῦ ἡλίου ἐφ' ἡμῖν, καὶ αὐτοῦ αἰνοῦν τος μετὰ τῆς σελήνης τὸν θεόν· < αἰνεῖτε γὰρ αὐτὸν, > φησὶν, < ἥλιος καὶ σελήνη > · δῆλον δ' ὅτι καὶ τῆς σελήνης καὶ ἀκολούθως πάντων τῶν ἀστέρων· < αἰνεῖτε γὰρ αὐτὸν, > <φησὶ,> < πάντα τὰ ἄστρα καὶ τὸ φῶς. > ὥσπερ οὖν εἰρήκαμεν τῷ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἑκάστου τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς καταχρώμενον τὸν θεὸν εἴς τινα χρείαν τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς κατατεταχέναι εἰς δέον αὐτά, οὕτως ὑποληπτέον τῷ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης καὶ ἄστρων, ἀραρότι καὶ βεβαίῳ ὄντι καὶ σταθηρῷ καὶ σοφῷ, διατεταχέναι < πάντα τὸν κόσμον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ > καὶ τὴν τῶν ἄστρων ἁρμονίως τῷ παντὶ πορείαν καὶ κίνησιν

If I do not pray in vain for what concerns any other freewill, much more shall I pray for what concerns the freewill of the stars which tread in heaven their world-conserving measures. It may indeed be said of beings on earth that certain appearances in our surroundings call out now our instability, now our better inclination to act or speak in certain ways: but in the case of beings in heaven what appearances can interpose to oust and remove from the course that benefit the world beings which have each a life so adjusted by Reason independently of them, and which enjoy so ethereal and supremely pure a frame?

. καὶ εἰ περὶ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν ἑτέρου μὴ μάτην εὔχομαι, πολλῷ πλέον περὶ τοῦ ἐφ' ἡμῖν τῶν ἐν οὐρανῷ σωτηρίως τῷ παντὶ χορευόντων ἀστέρων. καίτοι γε ἔστιν εἰπεῖν περὶ τῶν ἐπὶ γῆς ὅτι τοιαίδε τινὲς προσγενόμεναι ἐκ τῶν περιεστώτων φαντασίαι προκαλοῦνται τὸ ἀβέβαιον ἡμῶν ἢ τὸ ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον ῥεπτικὸν ἡμῶν πρὸς τὸ ποιῆσαι ἢ εἰπεῖν τάδε τινὰ ἢ τάδε· ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἐν οὐρανῷ ποία δύναται ἐγγενομένη φαντασία ἐκστῆσαι καὶ μετακινῆσαι ἀπὸ τῆς ὠφελίμου τῷ κόσμῳ πορείας ἕκαστον τῶν τοιαύτην ψυχὴν ὑπὸ λόγου κατηρτισμένην καὶ παρὰ τὴν αὐτῶν αἰτίαν ἐχόντων καὶ τοιούτῳ σώματι αἰθερίῳ καὶ καθαρωτάτῳ χρωμένων;

With a view to impel men to pray and to turn them from neglect of prayer, we may not unreasonably further use an illustration such as this. Just as, apart from woman and apart from recourse to the function requisite for procreation, man cannot procreate, so one may not obtain certain things without prayer in a certain manner, with a certain disposition, with a certain faith, after a certain antecedent mode of life. Thus we are not to babble or ask for little things or pray for earthly things or enter upon prayer with anger and with thoughts disturbed.

8.1Ἔτι δὲ οὐκ ἄλογον καὶ τοιούτῳ τινὶ παραδείγματι χρήσασθαι πρὸς τὸ προτρέψασθαι ἐπὶ τὸ εὔξασθαι καὶ ἀποτρέψασθαι τοῦ ἀμελεῖν τῆς εὐχῆς. ὥσπερ οὐκ ἔστι παιδοποιήσασθαι χωρὶς γυναικὸς καὶ τῆς εἰς παιδοποιΐαν χρησίμου παραλαμβανομένης ἐνεργείας, οὕτως τῶνδέ τινων οὐκ ἄν τις τύχοι, μὴ οὕτως εὐξάμενος μετὰ διαθέσεως τοιᾶσδε, πιστεύων οὕτως, οὐ πρὸ τῆς εὐχῆς τόνδε βιώσας τὸν τρόπον. οὐ βαττολογητέον οὖν οὐδὲ μικρὰ αἰτητέον οὐδὲ περὶ ἐπιγείων προσευκτέον οὐδὲ μετὰ < ὀργῆς > καὶ τεταραγμένων λογισμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν προσευχὴν ἐλθετέον,

Nor again is it possible to think of giving oneself to prayer apart from purification. Nor again is forgiveness of sins possible to the supplicant unless from the heart he forgives his brother who has done wrong and entreats him to obtain his pardon.

ἀλλ' οὐδὲ χωρὶς καθαρεύσεως ἔστιν ἐπινοῆσαι γινομένην < τῇ προσευχῇ > σχολήν· ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἀφέσεως ἁμαρτημάτων οἷόν τε τυχεῖν τὸν εὐχόμενον, μὴ ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίας ἀφιέντα τῷ πεπλημμεληκότι καὶ συγγνώμης τυχεῖν ἀξιοῦντι ἀδελφῷ.

That benefit accrues to him who prays rightly or according to his ability strives to do so, follows, I consider, in many ways: It is, first of all, surely in every sense a spiritual advantage to him who is intent upon prayer, in the very composure of prayer to present himself to God and in His presence to speak to Him with a vivid sense that he looks on and is present. For just as certain mental images and particular recollections connected with the objects recollected may sully the thoughts suggested by certain other images, in the same way we may believe that it is advantageous to remember God as the object of our faith—the One who discerns the movements within the inner sanctuary of the soul as it disposes itself to please the Examiner of Hearts and Inquisitor of Reins as One who is present and beholds and penetrates into every mind.

8.2 ὠφέλειαν δὲ ἐγγίνεσθαι τῷ ὃν δεῖ τρόπον εὐχομένῳ ἢ ἐπὶ τοῦτο κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἐπειγομένῳ πολλαχῶς ἡγοῦμαι συμβαίνειν. καὶ πρῶτόν γε πάντως ὤνατό τι ὁ πρὸς τὸ εὔξασθαι ταθεὶς κατὰ τὸν νοῦν, δι' αὐτῆς τῆς ἐν τῷ εὔχεσθαι καταστάσεως θεῷ παριστάναι ἑαυτὸν καὶ παρόντι ἐκείνῳ λέγειν σχηματίσας ὡς ἐφορῶντι καὶ παρόντι. ὥσπερ γὰρ αἱ τοιαίδε φαντασίαι καὶ ὑπομνήσεις τῶνδέ τινων περὶ τὰ, ὧν γεγόνασιν αἱ ὑπομνήσεις, μολύνουσι τοὺς λογισμοὺς τοὺς ἐν ταῖσδε ταῖς φαντασίαις γεγενημένους, τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον πειστέον ὀνησιφόρον εἶναι μνήμην πεπιστευμένου τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ κατανοοῦντος τὰ ἐν τῷ ἀδύτῳ τῆς ψυχῆς κινήματα, ῥυθμιζούσης ἑαυτὴν ἀρέσκειν ὡς παρόντι καὶ ἐποπτεύοντι καὶ φθάνοντι ἐπὶ πάντα νοῦν τῷ ἐτάζοντι < καρδίας > καὶ ἐρευνῶντι < νεφρούς. >

Even though further benefit than this be supposed to accrue to him who has composed his thoughts for prayer, no ordinary gain is to be conceived as gotten by one who has devoutly disposed himself in the season of prayer. When this is regularly practiced, how many sins it keeps us from, and how many achievements it brings us to, is known only to those who have given themselves up with some degree of constancy to prayer.

ἵνα γὰρ καθ' ὑπόθεσιν μηδεμία ἔτι παρὰ ταύτην ὠφέλεια γένηται τῷ καταστήσαντι αὐτοῦ τὸν λογισμὸν εἰς τὸ εὔχεσθαι, οὐ τὸ τυχὸν ἐννοητέον λαβεῖν τὸν οὕτως εὐλαβῶς ἑαυτὸν ῥυθμίσαντα ἐν τῷ τῆς εὐχῆς καιρῷ. τοῦτο δὲ γινόμενον πολλάκις ὅσων ἀφίστησιν ἁμαρτημάτων καὶ ἐφ' ὅσα φέρει τῶν κατορθωμάτων, ἴσασι τῇ πείρᾳ οἱ συνεχέστερον τῷ εὔχεσθαι ἑαυτοὺς ἐπιδεδωκότες.

For if the recollection and recontemplation of a man who has found fame and benefit in wisdom incites us to evaluate him and sometimes restrains our lower impulses, how much more does the recollection of God the Father of All, along with prayer to Him, become advantageous to those who are persuaded that they stand before and speak to a present and hearing God!

εἰ γὰρ ὑπόμνησις καὶ ἀναπόλησις ἐλλογίμου ἀνδρὸς καὶ ὠφελημένου ἐν σοφίᾳ ἐπὶ ζῆλον ἡμᾶς αὐτοῦ προκαλεῖται καὶ πολλάκις ἐμποδίζει ὁρμὰς τὰς ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον, πόσῳ πλέον θεοῦ τοῦ τῶν ὅλων πατρὸς ὑπόμνησις μετὰ τῆς πρὸς αὐτὸν εὐχῆς ὀνίνησι τοὺς πείσαντας ἑαυτοὺς ὅτι παρόντι καὶ ἀκούοντι παρεστήκασι καὶ λέγουσι θεῷ;

What I have said may be established from the divine scriptures in the following way. He who prays must lift up holy hands, forgiving everyone who has wronged him, with the passion of anger banished from his soul and in wrath with none. And again, to prevent his mind from being made turbid by irrelevant thoughts, he must while at prayer forget for the time everything outside prayer—surely a state of supreme blessedness! As Paul teaches in the first Epistle to Timothy when he says: “I desire therefore that men pray in every place lifting up holy hands without anger and disputations. And further, a woman ought, most of all at prayer, to preserve simplicity and decency in soul and body, above all and especially while she prays reverencing God and expelling from her intellect every wanton womanish recollection, arrayed not in chaplets and gold or pearls or costly raiment, but in the things in which it becomes a woman of pious profession to be arrayed, (and I marvel that anyone should hesitate, were it on the strength of such a condition alone, to pronounce her blessed who has thus presented herself for prayer) as Paul has taught in the same Epistle when he says, “in like manner that women array themselves decently in simplicity with modesty and discretion, not in chaplets and gold or pearls or costly raiment, but, as becomes woman of pious profession, through good works.” (1Tim.2:9)

9.1 Κατασκευαστέον δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν θείων γραφῶν τὰ εἰρημένα τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον. ἐπαίρειν δεῖ < ὁσίας χεῖρας > τὸν εὐχόμενον διὰ τοῦ ἀφιέναι ἑκάστῳ τῶν εἰς αὐτὸν πεπλημμεληκότων, τὸ τῆς ὀργῆς πάθος ἐξαφανίσαντα ἀπὸ τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ μηδενὶ θυμούμενον. πάλιν τε δεῖ ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ ἐπιθολοῦσθαι τὸν νοῦν ὑπὸ ἑτέρων λογισμῶν πάντων ἐπιλελῆσθαι τῶν ἔξω τῆς εὐχῆς κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν, ἐν ᾧ τις εὔχεται, ?τοιοῦτον δὲ εἶναι πῶς οὐκ ἔστι μακαριώτατον;  ὡς διδάσκει Παῦλος ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ πρὸς Τιμόθεον λέγων· < βούλομαι οὖν προσεύχεσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ, ἐπαίροντας ὁσίους χεῖρας χωρὶς ὀργῆς καὶ διαλογισμῶν. > ἀλλὰ πρὸς τούτοις τὴν γυναῖκα χρὴ ἔχειν μάλιστα εὐχομένην τὸ κατεσταλμένον καὶ τὸ κόσμιον ψυχῇ καὶ σώματι, πάντων μᾶλλον ἐξαιρέτως καὶ ὅτε εὔχεται αἰδουμένην τὸν θεὸν καὶ πᾶσαν ἀκόλαστον καὶ γυναικείαν ὑπόμνησιν ἐξορίσασαν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡγεμονικοῦ καὶ κεκοσμημένην οὐκ < ἐν πλέγμασι καὶ χρυσῷ ἢ μαργαρίταις ἢ ἱματισμῷ πολυτελεῖ > ἀλλ' οἷς πρέπον ἐστὶ κεκοσμῆσθαι γυναῖκα θεοσέβειαν ἐπαγγελλομένην ?θαυμάζω δὲ εἰ διστάξαι τις ἂν μακαρίαν ἐκ μόνης τῆς τοιαύτης καταστάσεως ἀποφήνασθαι τὴν εἰς τὸ εὔχεσθαι τοιαύτην ἑαυτὴν παραστήσασαν , ὡς ἐδίδαξεν ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ ἐπιστολῇ ὁ Παῦλος λέγων· < γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως ἐν καταστολῇ κοσμίῳ, μετὰ αἰδοῦς καὶ σωφροσύνης κοσμεῖν ἑαυτὰς, μὴ ἐν πλέγμασι καὶ χρυσῷ ἢ μαργαρίταις ἢ ἱματισμῷ πολυτελεῖ ἀλλὰ, ὃ πρέπει γυναιξὶν ἐπαγγελλομέναις θεοσέβειαν, δι' ἔργων ἀγαθῶν. >

And besides, the prophet David speaks of much else that the saint possesses in prayer. We may, not irreverently, cite these passages as showing that, even if this alone be considered, the attitude and preparation for prayer of one who has offered himself to God is of the highest benefit. He says: “Unto you have I lifted mine eyes, who dwellest in heaven and unto you have I lifted my soul, O God.” For when the eyes of thought are lifted up from dwelling on earthly things and being filled with the imagination of material objects, and are elevated to such a height as to look beyond begotten things and to be engaged solely in contemplation of God and in solemn converse with Him becoming to the Hearer.

9.2 καὶ ὁ προφήτης δὲ Δαυῒδ πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα φησὶν ἔχειν εὐχόμενον τὸν ἅγιον· καὶ ταῦτα δὲ οὐκ ἀκαίρως παραθετέον, ἵνα φανερὰ ἡμῖν γένηται τὰ μέγιστα ὠφελοῦσα, κἂν μόνη νοηθῇ, ἡ σχέσις καὶ εἰς τὸ εὔχεσθαι παρασκευὴ τοῦ ἀνατεθεικότος ἑαυτὸν τῷ θεῷ· φησὶν οὖν· < πρὸς σὲ ἦρα τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου, τὸν κατοικοῦντα ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, > καὶ < πρὸς σὲ ἦρα τὴν ψυχήν μου, ὁ θεός. > ἐπαιρόμενοι γὰρ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ τοῦ διανοητικοῦ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσδιατρίβειν τοῖς γηΐνοις καὶ πληροῦσθαι φαντασίας τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν ὑλικωτέρων καὶ ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ὑψούμενοι, ὥστε καὶ ὑπερκύπτειν τὰ γεννητὰ καὶ πρὸς μόνῳ τῷ ἐννοεῖν τὸν θεὸν κἀκείνῳ σεμνῶς καὶ πρεπόντως τῷ ἀκούοντι ὁμιλεῖν γίνεσθαι,

Surely those eyes themselves have already got the highest advantage in reflecting the glory of the Lord with face unveiled and being transformed into the same image from glory to glory, for they then partake of a certain divine perception shown by the words: “the light of your face, O Lord, hath been signalized upon us.” (Ps.4:6) And indeed the soul being lifted up, and parting from body to follow spirit, and not only following the spirit but also merging in it, as is shown by the words “Unto you have I lifted my soul,.” is surely already putting off its existence as soul and becoming spiritual.

πῶς οὐχὶ τὰ μέγιστα ἤδη ὤνησαν αὐτοὺς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς, < ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ προσώπῳ τὴν δόξαν κυρίου > κατοπτριζομένους καὶ < τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα > μεταμορφουμένους < ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν; > ἀποῤῥοῆς γὰρ νοητοῦ τινος θειοτέρου μεταλαμβάνουσι τότε, ὅπερ δηλοῦται ἐκ τοῦ· < ἐσημειώθη ἐφ' ἡμᾶς τὸ φῶς τοῦ προσώπου σου, κύριε. > καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ δὲ ἐπαιρομένη καὶ τῷ πνεύματι ἑπομένη τοῦ τε σώματος χωριζομένη καὶ οὐ μόνον ἑπομένη τῷ πνεύματι ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ γινομένη, ὅπερ δηλοῦται ἐκ τοῦ· < πρὸς σὲ ἦρα τὴν ψυχήν μου, > πῶς οὐχὶ ἤδη ἀποτιθεμένη τὸ εἶναι ψυχὴ πνευματικὴ γίνεται;

And if forgiveness is a very high accomplishment, so high as according to the prophet Jeremiah to embrace a summary of the whole law, for he says, “I laid not those commands upon your fathers as they were gone forth from Egypt, but this command I laid:

9.3 εἰ δὲ μέγιστόν ἐστι κατόρθωμα ἀμνησικακία ὡς κατὰ τὸν προφήτηνἹερεμίαν, πάντα ἀνακεφαλαιοῦσθαι τὸν νόμον ἐν αὐτῷ λέγοντα· < οὐ ταῦτα ἐνετειλάμην τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν ἐκπορευομένων αὐτῶν ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ἐνετειλάμην·

Let each man not be unforgiving to his neighbor in his heart,.” and if in entering upon prayer with unforgiveness left behind us we keep the Savior’s command, “If you’re standing at prayer forgive aught that you have against any man.” (Mk.11:25) It is plain that those who stand in that temper to pray have already received the best of possessions.

ἕκαστος τῷ πλησίον ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ μὴ μνησικακείτω, > ἀπὸ μνησικακίας δὲ ἥκοντες ἐπὶ τὸ εὔχεσθαι τὴν τοῦ σωτῆρος φυλάσσομεν ἐντολὴν, λέγοντος· < ἐὰν στήκητε προσευχόμενοι, ἀφίετε εἴ τι ἔχετε κατά τινος, > δῆλον ὅτι τοιοῦτοι ἱστάμενοι πρὸς τὸ εὔξασθαι τὰ κάλλιστα ἤδη κεκτήμεθα.

So far, I have said that, even on the supposition that nothing else is going to follow our prayer, we receive the best of gains when we have come to perceive the right way to pray and when we achieve it. But it is certain that he who thus prays, having previously cast aside all discontent with Providence, will, if intent to mark the inworking of the Hearer, in the very act hear the response “Here am I.”

10.1 Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ὡς καθ' ὑπόθεσιν εἴρηται, καὶ εἰ μηδὲν ἕτερον ἡμῖν ἐπακολουθήσει εὐχομένοις, ὅτι τὰ κάλλιστα κερδαίνομεν, τὸ καθὸ δεῖ εὔχεσθαι νενοηκότες καὶ κατορθοῦντες· σαφὲς δὲ ὅτι ὁ οὕτως εὐχόμενος ἔτι λαλῶν ἀκούσεται, τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ τοῦ ἐπακούοντος ἐνορῶν, τὸ < ἰδοὺ πάρειμι, >

The above condition is expressed in the words “If you withdraw your bonds and protests and murmuring utterance,.” for he that is content with what comes to pass becomes free from every bond, and does not protest against God for ordaining what He wills for our discipline, and does not even in the secrecy of his thoughts murmur inaudibly; for they who murmur thus, not daring to abuse Providence roundly for what occurs with voice and soul but desiring as it were to escape the observation even of the Lord of All in their discontent, are like bad domestics who rail, but not openly, against their masters’ orders.

πᾶσαν τὴν πρὸς τὴν πρόνοιαν δυσαρέστησιν, πρὶν εὔξασθαι, ἀποβεβληκώς. τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι δηλούμενον ἐκ τοῦ· < ἐὰν ἀφέλῃς ἀπὸ σοῦ σύνδεσμον καὶ χειροτονίαν καὶ ῥῆμα γογγυσμοῦ, > τοῦ εὐαρεστουμένου τοῖς γινομένοις ἐλευθέρου ἀπὸ παντὸς δεσμοῦ γεγενημένου καὶ μὴ ἀντιχειροτονοῦντος τῷ θεῷ, ἃ βούλεται πρὸς γυμνάσιον ἡμῶν διατασσομένῳ, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ κατὰ τὸ κρυπτὸν τῶν λογισμῶν γογγύζοντος χωρὶς ἀκουστῆς ἀνθρώποις φωνῆς· ὅντινα γογγυσμὸν δίκην πονηρῶν οἰκετῶν, οὐκ ἐν φανερω τέρῳ αἰτιωμένων τὰς προστάξεις τῶν δεσποτῶν, γογγύζουσιν οἱ μὴ τολμῶντες μὲν φωνῇ καὶ ὅλῃ ψυχῇ κακολογεῖν ἐπὶ τοῖς συμβαίνουσι τὴν πρόνοιαν οἱονεὶ δὲ βουλόμενοι καὶ τὸν τῶν ὅλων κύριον ἐφ' οἷς δυσαρεστοῦνται λαθεῖν.

And I think the same thing is meant in the passage in Job: “In all these ocurrences Job sinned not with his lips in the sight of God”; and it is just this that the saying in Deuteronomy enjoins must not happen, when it says: “Take heed lest a secret utterance be ever in your heart to break the law, saying the seventh year draws nigh” and so on.

καὶ οἶμαι τοῦτ' εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἐν τῷἸώβ· < ἐν τούτοις πᾶσι τοῖς συμβεβηκόσιν οὐδὲν ἥμαρτενἸὼβ τοῖς χείλεσιν ἐναντίον τοῦ θεοῦ, > ἐπὶ τοῦ πρὸ αὐτοῦ πειρασμοῦ ἀναγεγραμμένου· < ἐν τούτοις πᾶσι τοῖς συμβεβηκόσιν οὐδὲν ἥμαρτενἸὼβ ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ > · ὃ δὴ προστάσσων μὴ δεῖν γίνεσθαι ἐν τῷ Δευτερονομίῳ ὁ λόγος φησί· < πρόσεχε μή ποτε γένηται ῥῆμα κρυπτὸν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου, ἀνόμημα, λέγων· ἐγγίζει τὸ ἔτος τὸ ἕβδομον > καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.

So then he who prays thus, becomes, as already so greatly benefited, more fit to mingle with the Spirit of the Lord that fills the whole world and fills all the earth and the heaven and says by the prophet: “‘Do not I fill the heaven and the earth?’ says the Lord.”

10.2 ὁ τοίνυν οὕτως εὐχόμενος τοσαῦτα προωφεληθεὶς ἐπιτηδειότερος γίνεται ἀνακραθῆναι τῷ πεπληρωκότι τὴν πᾶσαν οἰκουμένην τοῦ κυρίου πνεύματι καὶ τῷ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν πεπληρωκότι, διὰ τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντι οὕτως· < οὐχὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν ἐγὼ πληρῶ; λέγει κύριος > ·

And further, through the afore mentioned purification as well as through prayer, he will enjoy the good office of the Word of God, who is standing in the midst even of those who do not know Him and who fails the prayer of none, to pray to the Father along with Him for whom He mediates. For the Son of God is high priest of our offerings and our pleader with the Father. He prays for those who pray, and pleads along with those who plead. He will not, however, consent to pray, as for his intimates, on behalf of those who do not with some constancy pray through Him, nor will he be Pleader with the Father, as for men already His own, on behalf of those who do not obey His teaching to the effect that they ought at all times to pray and not lose heart.

ἔτι δὲ διά τε τῆς προειρημένης καθαρεύσεως καὶ τῆς εὐχῆς τοῦ μέσον καὶ τῶν μὴ γινωσκόντων αὐτὸν ἑστηκότος λόγου θεοῦ, οὐδενὸς ἀπολειπομένου τῆς εὐχῆς, μεθέξει, συνευχομένου πρὸς τὸν πατέρα τῷ ὑπ' αὐτοῦ μεσιτευομένῳ. < ἀρχιερεὺς > γὰρ τῶν προσφορῶν ἡμῶν καὶ πρὸς τὸν πατέρα < παράκλητός > ἐστιν ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ, εὐχόμενος ὑπὲρ τῶν εὐχομένων καὶ συμπαρακαλῶν τοῖς παρακαλοῦσιν, οὐκ ἂν ὡς ὑπὲρ οἰκείων εὐξόμενος τῶν μὴ δι' αὐτοῦ συνεχέστερον εὐχομένων οὐδ' ἂν ὡς ὑπὲρ ἤδη ἰδίων < παράκλητος > ἐσόμενος πρὸς τὸν θεὸν τῶν μὴ πειθομένων ταῖς εἰς < τὸ δεῖν πάντοτε προσεύχεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἐκκακεῖν > διδασκαλίαις.

For it says, “He spoke a parable to the end that they ought at all times to pray and not lose heart. ‘There was a certain judge in a certain city,’” and so on; and earlier he said unto them, “Who of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight and shall say to him:

< ἔλεγε γὰρ, > φησὶ, < παραβολὴν πρὸς τὸ δεῖν πάντοτε προσεύχεσθαι καὶ μὴ ἐκκακεῖν· κριτής τις ἦν ἔν τινι πόλει > καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς· καὶ ἐν τοῖς πρὸ τούτων· < καὶ εἶπε πρὸς αὐτούς· τίς ἐξ ὑμῶν ἕξει φίλον, καὶ πορεύσεται πρὸς αὐτὸν μεσονύκτιον καὶ εἴπῃ αὐτῷ·

Friend, lend me three loaves since a friend of mine has come to me after a journey and I have naught to set before him”; and a little later, “I tell you, even though he will not rise and give him because he is his friend, he will yet because of his being unabashed get up and give him as many as he wants.” And who that believes the guileless lips of Jesus can but be stirred to unhesitating prayer when He says, “Ask and it shall be given you for everyone that asks receives,.” since the kind Father gives to those who have received the spirit of adoption from the Father, the living bread when we ask Him, not the stone which the adversary would have become food for Jesus and His disciples, and since The Father gives the good gift in rain from heaven to those that ask him.

φίλε, χρῆσόν μοι τρεῖς ἄρτους, ἐπειδὴ φίλος μου παρεγένετο ἐξ ὁδοῦ πρός με, καὶ οὐκ ἔχω ὃ παραθήσω αὐτῷ > · καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα· < λέγω ὑμῖν, εἰ καὶ οὐ δώσει αὐτῷ ἀναστὰς διὰ τὸ εἶναι φίλον αὐτοῦ, διά γε τὴν ἀναίδειαν αὐτοῦ ἐγερθεὶς δώσει αὐτῷ ὅσων χρῄζει. > τίς δὲ μὴ προτραπῇ τῶν τῷ ἀψευδεῖ στόματι πιστευόντωνἸησοῦ ἀόκνως εὔχεσθαι, λέγοντος· < αἰτεῖτε, καὶ δοθήσεται ὑμῖν > · < πᾶς γὰρ ὁ αἰτῶν λαμβάνει > ; ἐπεὶ ὁ χρηστὸς πατὴρ τὸν ζῶντα ἄρτον αἰτούντων ἡμῶν αὐτὸν ?οὐχ ὃν βούλεται λίθον τροφὴν γενέσθαι τῷἸησοῦ καὶ τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ ὁ ἀντικείμενος  δίδωσι τοῖς τὸ < πνεῦμα τῆς υἱοθεσίας > εἰληφόσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρός· καὶ δίδωσιν < ὁ πατὴρ > < τὸ ἀγαθὸν δόμα > ὕων < ἐξ οὐρανοῦ > < τοῖς αἰτοῦσιν αὐτόν. >

But these pray along with those who genuinely pray—not only the high priest but also the angels who “rejoice in heaven over one repenting sinner more than over ninety-nine righteous that need not repentance,.” and also the souls of the saints already at rest. Two instances make this plain. The first is where Raphael offers their service to God for Tobit and Sarah. After both had prayed, the scripture says, “The prayer of both was heard before the presence of the great Raphael and he was sent to heal them both,.” and Raphael himself, when explaining his angelic commission at God’s command to help them, says:

11.1 Οὐ μόνος δὲ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς τοῖς γνησίως εὐχομένοις συνεύχεται ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ < ἐν οὐρανῷ > χαίροντες ἄγγελοι < ἐπὶ ἑνὶ ἁμαρτωλῷ μετανοοῦντι ἢ ἐπὶ ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα δικαίοις, οἳ οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσι μετανοίας, > αἵ τε τῶν προκεκοιμημένων ἁγίων ψυχαί. ἅτινα δηλοῦται,Ῥαφαὴλ μὲν προσφέροντος περὶ Τωβὴτ καὶ Σάῤῥας λογικὴν ἱερουργίαν τῷ θεῷ ?μετὰ γὰρ τὴν εὐχὴν ἀμφοτέρων < εἰσηκούσθη, > φησὶν ἡ γραφὴ, < προσευχὴ ἀμφοτέρων ἐνώπιον τῆς δόξης τοῦ μεγάλουῬαφαὴλ, καὶ ἀπεστάλη ἰάσασθαι τοὺς δύο > · καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ ὁῬαφαὴλ, φανερῶν ἑαυτοῦ ὡς ἀγγέλου τὴν κατὰ πρόσταγμα τοῦ θεοῦ πρὸς ἀμφοτέρους οἰκονομίαν, φησί·

“Even now when you prayed, and Sarah your daughter-in-law, I brought the memorial of your prayer before the Holy One,.” and shortly after, “I am Raphael, one of the Seven angels who present the prayers of saints and enter in before the glory of the Holy One. Thus, according to Raphael’s account at least, prayer with fasting and almsgiving and righteousness is a good thing.

< καὶ νῦν ὅτε προσηύξω σὺ καὶ ἡ νύμφη σου Σάῤῥα, ἐγὼ προσήγαγον τὸ μνημόσυνον τῆς προσευχῆς ὑμῶν ἐνώπιον τοῦ ἁγίου, > καὶ μετ' ὀλίγα· < ἐγώ εἰμιῬαφαὴλ, εἷς τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων, οἳ προσαναφέρουσι <τὰς προσευχὰς τῶν ἁγίων> καὶ εἰσπορεύονται ἐνώπιον τῆς δόξης τοῦ ἁγίου > · κατὰ τὸν λόγον γοῦν τοῦῬαφαὴλ < ἀγαθὸν προσευχὴ μετὰ νηστείας καὶ ἐλεημοσύνης καὶ δικαιοσύνης >

The second instance is in the Books of the Maccabees where Jeremiah appears in exceeding “white haired glory” so that a wondrous and most majestic authority was about him, and stretches forth his right hand and delivers to Judas a golden sword, and there witnesses to him another saint already at rest saying, “This is he who prays much for the people and the sacred city, God’s prophet Jeremiah.”

Ἱερεμίου δὲ, ὡς ἐν τοῖς Μακκαβαϊκοῖς ἐπιφαινομένου, < πολιᾷ καὶ δόξῃ > διαφέροντος, ὡς < θαυμαστήν τινα καὶ μεγαλοπρεπεστάτην εἶναι τὴν περὶ αὐτὸν ὑπεροχὴν, καὶ προτείνοντος < τὴν δεξιὰν > παραδιδόντος τε < τῷἸούδᾳ ῥομφαίαν χρυσῆν, > ᾧ ἐμαρτύρει ἄλλος ἅγιος προκεκοιμημένος λέγων· < οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ προσευχόμενος πολλὰ περὶ τοῦ λαοῦ καὶ τῆς ἁγίας πόλεως,Ἱερεμίας ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ προφήτης. >

For it is absurd when knowledge, though manifested to the worthy through a mirror and in a riddle for the present, is then revealed face to face not to think that the like is true of all other excellences as well, that they who prepare in this life beforehand are made strictly perfect then.

11.2 καὶ γὰρ ἄτοπον, τῆς γνώσεως < δι' ἐσόπτρου > καὶ < ἐν αἰνίγματι > ἐπὶ τοῦ παρόντος τοῖς ἀξίοις φανερουμένης < τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον > ἀποκαλυπτομένης, μὴ τὸ ἀνάλογον καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἀρετῶν νοεῖν, <τό>τε κυρίως τῶν προπαρεσκευασμένων ἐν τῷ βίῳ τούτῳ τελειουμένων.

Now one of these excellences in the strictest sense according to the divine word is love for one’s neighbor, and this accordingly we are compelled to think of as possessed in a far higher degree by saints already at rest than by those who are in human weakness and wrestle on along with the weaker. It is not only here that “if one member suffers, all the members suffer with it and if one member is glorified, all the members rejoice with it” in the experience of those who love their brethren, for it beseems the love also of those who are beyond the present life to say

μία δὲ κυριωτάτη τῶν ἀρετῶν κατὰ τὸν θεῖον λόγον ἐστὶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν πλησίον ἀγάπη· ἣν πολλῷ μᾶλλον προσεῖναι τοῖς προκεκοιμημένοις ἁγίοις πρὸς τοὺς ἐν βίῳ ἀγωνιζομένους ἀναγκαῖον νοεῖν παρὰ τοὺς ἐν τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ ἀσθενείᾳ τυγχάνοντας καὶ συναγωνιζομένους τοῖς ὑποδεεστέροις, οὐ μόνον ἐνταῦθα τοῦ < εἰ πάσχει μέλος ἓν, συμπάσχει πάντα τὰ μέλη· καὶ εἰ δοξάζεται μέλος ἓν, συγχαίρει πάντα τὰ μέλη > τοῖς φιλαδέλφοις ἐγγινομένου· πρέπον γάρ ἐστι καὶ τῇ τῶν ἔξω τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς ἀγάπῃ λέγειν·

“I have anxiety for all the churches: Who is weak and I am not weak? Who is made to stumble and I do not burn?” Especially when Christ avows that according as such one of the saints may be weak, He is weak in like manner, and in prison and naked and a stranger and hungry and athirst. For who that reads the gospel is ignorant that Christ, in taking on himself whatever befalls believers, counts their sufferings His own?

< ἡ μέριμνα πασῶν τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν. τίς ἀσθενεῖ, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ; τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι; > καὶ ταῦτα τοῦ Χριστοῦ ὁμολογοῦντος καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν ἀσθενούντων ἁγίων ἀσθενεῖν ὁμοίως καὶ < ἐν φυλακῇ > εἶναι καὶ γυμνιτεύειν ξενιτεύειν τε καὶ πεινᾶν καὶ διψᾶν· τίς γὰρ ἀγνοεῖ τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τῇ ἐφ' ἑαυτὸν ἀναφορᾷ τῶν συμβαινόντων τοῖς πιστεύουσι λογιζόμενον τὸν Χριστὸν ἴδια εἶναι παθήματα;

And if angels of God came to Jesus and ministered to Him, and if we are not to think of the ministry of the angels to Jesus as having been limited to the brief space of His bodily sojourn among men while He was still in the midst of believers not as one that reclined at table but as one that ministered, how many angels, I wonder, must now be ministering to Jesus when He would “bring together the Children of Israel one by one” and gather them from the dispersion, saving those who fear God and call upon Him, and must be cooperating more than the apostles in the increase and enlargement of the church! Thus in John certain angels are spoken of in the Apocalypse as actually presiding over the churches.

11.3 εἰ δὲ < ἄγγελοι > τοῦ θεοῦ προσελθόντες τῷἸησοῦ < διηκόνουν αὐτῷ, > καὶ μὴ πρέπον ἐστὶν ἡμᾶς πρὸς ὀλίγον χρόνον νοεῖν γεγονέναι τὴν τῶν ἀγγέλων πρὸς τὸνἸησοῦν διακονίαν τῆς σωματικῆς αὐτοῦ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἐπιδημίας, καὶ αὐτοῦ ἔτι < ἐν μέσῳ > τῶν πιστευόντων οὐχ ὡς ἀνακειμένου ἀλλὰ ὡς διακονοῦντος· πόσους εἰκὸς ἀγγέλους διακονοῦντας τῷἸησοῦ, βουλομένῳ συνάγειν < τοὺς υἱοὺςἸσραὴλ > < κατὰ ἕνα ἕνα > καὶ ἀθροίζειν τοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς διασπορᾶς τούς τε φοβουμένους καὶ ἐπικαλουμένους σῴζοντι, μᾶλλον τῶν ἀποστόλων συνεργεῖν τῇ αὐξήσει καὶ τῷ πληθυσμῷ τῆς ἐκκλησίας, ὡς καὶ προεστῶτάς τινας τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν ἀγγέλους λέγεσθαι παρὰ τῷ Ἰωάννῃ ἐν τῇ Ἀποκαλύψει;

Not in vain do angels of God ascend and descend unto the Son of Man, beheld of eyes that have been enlightened with the light of knowledge.

οὐ γὰρ μάτην οἱ ἄγγελοι < τοῦ θεοῦ > ἀναβαίνουσι καὶ καταβαίνουσι < ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, > ὁρώμενοι τοῖς τῷ φωτὶ τῆς < γνώσεως > πεφωτισμένοις ὀφθαλμοῖς.

In the very season of prayer, accordingly, being reminded by the suppliant of his needs, they satisfy them as they have ability by virtue of their general commission. To further the acceptance of our view we may make use of some such image as the following in support of this argument.

11.4 καὶ παρ' αὐτὸν οὖν τὸν καιρὸν τῆς εὐχῆς ὑπομιμνησκόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ εὐχομένου, ὧν δεῖται ὁ εὐχόμενος, ἃ δύνανται ὡς καθολικὴν εἰληφότες ἐντολὴν ἐπιτελοῦσι. χρηστέον δὲ εἰκόνι τινὶ τοιαύτῃ εἰς τὸν λόγον τοῦτον πρὸς τὸ παραδέξασθαι τὸ νενοημένον ἡμῖν.

Suppose that a righteously minded physician is at the side of a sick man praying for health, with knowledge of the right mode of treatment for the disease about which the man is offering prayer. It is manifest that he will be moved to heal the suppliant, surmising, it may well be not idly, that God has had this very action in mind in answer to the prayer of the suppliant for release from the disease. Or suppose that a man of considerable means, who is generous, hears the prayer of a poor man offering intercession to God for his wants. It is plain that he, too, will fulfil the objects of the poor man’s prayer, becoming a minister of the fatherly counsel of Him who at the season of the prayer had brought together him who was to pray and him who was able to supply and by virtue of the rightness of his principles, incapable of overlooking one who has made that particular request.

παρέστω τις ἰατρὸς δικαιοσύνης πεφροντικὼς εὐχομένῳ κάμνοντι περὶ τῆς ὑγείας, ἐπιστήμην ἔχων τοῦ ὃν δεῖ τρόπον θεραπεῦσαι περὶ οὗ ὁ δεῖνα ἀναφέρει τὴν εὐχὴν νοσήματος· φανερὸν δὴ ὅτι κινηθήσεται οὗτος πρὸς τὸ ἰάσασθαι τὸν εὐξάμενον, τάχα οὐ μάτην ὑπολαβὼν ὅτι τοῦτ' αὐτὸ γέγονεν ἐν νῷ τοῦ θεοῦ, ἐπακούσαντος τῆς εὐχῆς τοῦ τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν τῆς νόσου γενέσθαι αὐτῷ εὐξαμένου. ἢ τῶν κεκτημένων τις τὰ τῆς τοῦ βίου χρείας ἐπὶ πλεῖον καὶ κοινωνικὸς ἀκουέτω εὐχῆς πένητος καὶ περὶ τῶν χρειῶν ἀναφέροντος ἔντευξιν τῷ θεῷ· δῆλον δὴ ὅτι καὶ οὗτος τὰ τῆς εὐχῆς ἐκπληρώσει τῷ πένητι, ὑπηρέτης γινόμενος τῆς πατρικῆς βουλῆς <τοῦ> συναγαγόντος κατὰ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς εὐχῆς τὸν παρασχεῖν δυνάμενον ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτὸ τῷ εὐξομένῳ, διὰ τὸ δεξιὸν τῆς προαιρέσεως μὴ δυνάμενον παρορᾶν τὸν δεδεημένον τῶνδέ τινων.

As therefore we are not to believe that these events are fortuitous, when they take place because He who has numbered all the hairs of the head of saints, has aptly brought together at the season of the prayer the hearer who is to be minister of His benefaction to the suppliant and the man who has made his request in faith; so we may surmise that the presence of the angels who exercise oversight and ministry for God is sometimes brought into conjunction with a particular suppliant in order that they may join in breathing his petitions.

11.5 ὥσπερ οὖν ταῦτα οὐ κατὰ συντυχίαν νομιστέον γίνεσθαι, ὅτε γίνεται, τοῦ ἠριθμηκότος πάσας τὰς τρίχας τῆς τῶν ἁγίων κεφαλῆς ἁρμονίως συναγαγόντος παρὰ τὸν καιρὸν τῆς εὐχῆς τὸν ὑπηρέτην ἐσόμενον τῷ δεομένῳ τῆς εὐποιΐας τῆς ἀπ' αὐτοῦ εἰσακούοντα, τῷ πιστῶς δεδεημένῳ· οὕτως ὑποληπτέον συνάγεσθαί ποτε τῶν ἐπισκοπούντων καὶ λειτουργούντων τῷ θεῷ ἀγγέλων παρουσίαν τῷδέ τινι τῶν εὐχομένων, ἵνα συμπνεύσωσιν οἷς ὁ εὐχόμενος ἠξίωσεν.

Nay more, beholding ever the face of the Father in heaven and looking on the Godhead of our Creator, the angel of each man, even of “little ones” within the church, both prays with us, and acts with us where possible, for the objects of our prayer.

ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ ἑκάστου ἄγγελος, < καὶ τῶν > ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ < μικρῶν, > < διὰ παντὸς > βλέπων < τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ πατρὸς > < τοῦ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς > καὶ ἐνορῶν τοῦ κτίσαντος ἡμᾶς τὴν θειότητα, συνεύχεταί τε ἡμῖν καὶ συμπράττει ἐν οἷς δυνατόν ἐστι περὶ ὧν εὐχόμεθα.