|
|
|
|
CANTO
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Beatrice, rejoicing in Dante's progress, explains the supreme gift of Free Will, shared by angels and men and by no other creature. Hence may be deduced the supreme significance of vows, wherein this Free Will, by its own act, sacrifices itself. Wherefore there can be nothing so august as to form a fitting substitute, nor any use of the once consecrated thing so hallowed as to excuse the breaking of the sow. And yet Holy Church grants dispensations. The explanation lies in the distinction between the content of the vow (the specific thing consecrated) and the act of vowing. The vow must in every case be kept, but he who has made it, may, under due authority, sometimes substitute for the specific content of the vow some other, worth half as much again; which last condition precludes any substitute for the complete self-dedication of monastic vows. And he who makes a vow such as God cannot sanction, has in that act already done evil; to keep such a vow is only to deepen his guilt; and, kept or broken, it brings his religion into contempt. Dante's further questioning is cut short by their ascent to Mercury, which grows brighter at their presence. | Here, in the star that scarce asserts itself, but is lost to mortals in the sun's rays, are the once ambitious souls, that now rejoice in the access of fresh objects of love. They approach Dante, and one of them, with lofty gratulations, offers himself as the vehicle of divine enlighten ;tent. Dante questions him as to his history and the place assigned to him in heaven; whereon the spirit (Justinian) so glows with joy that his outward form is lost in fight. |
|
|
“IF in the
fire of love I seem to flame |
«S’io
ti fiammeggio nel caldo d’amore |
you need
not wonder; I am so because |
non ti maravigliar; ché ciò procede |
Indeed I
see that in your intellect |
Io veggio ben sì come già resplende |
and if a
lesser thing allure your love, |
e
s’altra cosa vostro amor seduce, |
You wish to
know if, through a righteous act, |
Tu vuo’ saper se con altro servigio, |
So Beatrice
began this canto, and |
Sì cominciò Beatrice questo canto; |
“The
greatest gift the magnanimity |
«Lo maggior don che Dio per sua larghezza |
most
prizes, was the freedom of the will; |
fu de la volontà la libertate; |
this gift:
thus you may draw, as consequence, |
Or ti parrà, se tu quinci argomenti, |
for when a
pact is drawn between a man |
ché, nel fermar tra Dio e l’uomo il patto, |
What, then,
can be a fitting compensation? |
Dunque che render puossi per ristoro? |
By now you
understand the major point; |
Tu se’ omai del maggior punto certo; |
you need to
sit at table somewhat longer: |
convienti ancor sedere un poco a mensa, |
Open your
mind to what I shall disclose, |
Apri la mente a quel ch’io ti paleso |
Two things
are of the essence when one vows |
Due cose si convegnono a l’essenza |
This last
can never be annulled until |
Quest’ultima già mai non si cancella |
Therefore,
the Hebrews found it necessary |
però necessitato fu a li Ebrei |
As for the
matter of the vow-discussed |
L’altra, che per materia t’è aperta, |
But let
none shift the burden on his shoulder |
Ma non trasmuti carco a la sua spalla |
and let him
see that any change is senseless, |
e
ogne permutanza credi stolta, |
Thus, when
the matter of a vow has so |
Però qualunque cosa tanto pesa |
Let mortals
never take a vow in jest; |
Non prendan li mortali il voto a ciancia; |
he should
have said, ‘I did amiss,’ and not |
cui più si convenia dicer ‘Mal feci’, |
when her
fair face made Iphigenia grieve |
onde pianse Efigènia il suo bel volto, |
Christians,
proceed with greater gravity: |
Siate, Cristiani, a muovervi più gravi: |
You have
both Testaments, the Old and New, |
Avete il novo e ‘l vecchio Testamento, |
If evil
greed would summon you elsewhere, |
Se mala cupidigia altro vi grida, |
Do not act
like the foolish, wanton lamb |
Non fate com’agnel che lascia il latte |
These words
of Beatrice I here transcribe; |
Così Beatrice a me com’io scrivo; |
Her silence
and the change in her appearance |
Lo suo tacere e ‘l trasmutar sembiante |
and even as
an arrow that has struck |
e
sì come saetta che nel segno |
When she
had passed into that heaven’s light, |
Quivi la donna mia vid’io sì lieta, |
And if the
planet changed and smiled, what then |
E
se la stella si cambiò e rise, |
As in a
fish-pool that is calm and clear, |
Come ‘n peschiera ch’è tranquilla e pura |
such were
the far more than a thousand splendors |
sì vid’io ben più di mille splendori |
And even as
each shade approached, one saw, |
E
sì come ciascuno a noi venìa, |
Consider,
reader, what your misery |
Pensa, lettor, se quel che qui s’inizia |
and you
will-unassisted-feel how I |
e
per te vederai come da questi |
“O you born
unto gladness, whom God’s grace |
«O bene nato a cui veder li troni |
the light
that kindles us is that same light |
del
lume che per tutto il ciel si spazia |
So did one
of those pious spirits speak |
Così da un di quelli spirti pii |
“I
see-plainly-how you have nested in |
«Io veggio ben sì come tu t’annidi |
but I do
not know who you are or why, |
ma non so chi tu se’, né perché aggi, |
I said this
as I stood turned toward the light |
Questo diss’io diritto alla lumera |
Just as the
sun, when heat has worn away |
Sì come il sol che si cela elli stessi |
so did that
holy form, through excess gladness, |
per più letizia sì mi si nascose |
even as the next canto is to sing. |
nel modo che ‘l seguente canto canta. 05.139 |
|
|
|
|
CANTO
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
Note that Justinian, the Lawgiver, is the spokesman of the Roman Empire, whereby is indicated that the true significance of the empire lies in its imposing and fostering the arts of peace. Justinian tells how Constantine removed the seat of Empire east from Rome to Byzantium, reversing the progress of Æneas who went from Troy to Rome, and how he, Justinian, came to the throne two hundred years later. He was a believer in the divine but not in the human nature of Christ, till converted by Agapetus to the truth which he now sees as clearly as logicians see the axiomatic law of contradictories. After his conversion God inspired him with the project of codifying the Roman Law, and he resigned the conduct of war to Belisarius. He goes on to rebuke the Guelf and Ghibelline factions by showing the august nature of the Roman Empire. In his exposition we note that the key of self-sacrifice is at once struck in the name of Pallas, the Etruscan-Greek volunteer who died for the Trojan cause, and is maintained till it leads up to the great struggles with Carthage and the East, and against internal factiousness; the founding of the Empire under Julius and Augustus and the establishment of universal peace; the great act of Redemption for which all was a preparation, and the subsequent fall of Jerusalem; | and the Empire's championship of the Church which had been born under its protection. It is equally wicked, therefore, to think of opposing the Empire or of turning it to factious purposes. The story of Rome has been told in the star adorned by those souls whose virtuous deeds had in them; some taint of worldly ambition or anxiety for good repute, but who are now free from all envious desire to have a greater reward, and rejoice rather in the harmony of which their estate is part. Here too is the lowly Romeo who was so disinterested but so sensitive concerning his reputation. |
|
|
“After
Constantine had turned the Eagle |
«Poscia che Costantin l’aquila volse |
one hundred
and one hundred years and more, |
cento e cent’anni e più l’uccel di Dio |
beneath the
shadow of the sacred wings, |
e
sotto l’ombra de le sacre penne |
Caesar I
was and am Justinian, |
Cesare fui e son Iustiniano, |
Before I
grew attentive to this labor, |
E
prima ch’io a l’ovra fossi attento, |
but then
the blessed Agapetus, he |
ma ‘l benedetto Agapito, che fue |
I did
believe him, and now clearly see |
Io li credetti; e ciò che ‘n sua fede era, |
As soon as
my steps shared the Church’s path, |
Tosto che con la Chiesa mossi i piedi, |
Entrusting
to my Belisarius |
e
al mio Belisar commendai l’armi, |
My answer
to the question you first asked |
Or qui a la question prima s’appunta |
may see
with how much reason they attack |
perché tu veggi con quanta ragione |
See what
great virtue made that Eagle worthy |
Vedi quanta virtù l’ha fatto degno |
You know
that for three hundred years and more, |
Tu sai ch’el fece in Alba sua dimora |
You know
how, under seven kings, it conquered |
E
sai ch’el fé dal mal de le Sabine |
and what it
did when carried by courageous |
Sai quel ch’el fé portato da li egregi |
Through
this, Torquatus, Quinctius (who is named |
onde Torquato e Quinzio, che dal cirro |
That
standard brought the pride of Arabs low |
Esso atterrò l’orgoglio de li Aràbi |
Beneath
that standard, Scipio, Pompey- |
Sott’esso giovanetti triunfaro |
Then, near
the time when Heaven wished to bring |
Poi, presso al tempo che tutto ‘l ciel volle |
And what it
did from Var to Rhine was seen |
E
quel che fé da Varo infino a Reno, |
And what it
did, once it had left Ravenna |
Quel che fé poi ch’elli uscì di Ravenna |
That
standard led the legions on to Spain, |
Inver’ la Spagna rivolse lo stuolo, |
It saw
again its source, Antandros and |
Antandro e Simeonta, onde si mosse, |
From Egypt,
lightning-like, it fell on Juba; |
Da indi scese folgorando a Iuba; |
Because of
what that standard did, with him |
Di quel che fé col baiulo seguente, |
Because of
it, sad Cleopatra weeps |
Piangene ancor la trista Cleopatra, |
And, with
that very bearer, it then reached |
Con costui corse infino al lito rubro; |
But what
the standard that has made me speak |
Ma ciò che ‘l segno che parlar mi face |
comes to
seem faint and insignificant |
diventa in apparenza poco e scuro, |
for the
true Justice that inspires me |
ché la viva giustizia che mi spira, |
Now marvel
here at what I show to you: |
Or qui t’ammira in ciò ch’io ti replìco: |
And when
the Lombard tooth bit Holy Church, |
E
quando il dente longobardo morse |
Now you can
judge those I condemned above, |
Omai puoi giudicar di quei cotali |
For some
oppose the universal emblem |
L’uno al pubblico segno i gigli gialli |
Let
Ghibellines pursue their undertakings |
Faccian li Ghibellin, faccian lor arte |
And let not
this new Charles strike at it with |
e
non l’abbatta esto Carlo novello |
The sons
have often wept for a father’s fault; |
Molte fiate già pianser li figli |
This little
planet is adorned with spirits |
Questa picciola stella si correda |
and when
desires tend toward earthly ends, |
e
quando li disiri poggian quivi, |
But part of
our delight is measuring |
Ma nel commensurar d’i nostri gaggi |
Thus does
the Living Justice make so sweet |
Quindi addolcisce la viva giustizia |
Differing
voices join to sound sweet music; |
Diverse voci fanno dolci note; |
And in this
very pearl there also shines |
E
dentro a la presente margarita |
And yet
those Provencals who schemed against him |
Ma i Provenzai che fecer contra lui |
takes the
wrong path. Of Raymond Berenger’s |
Quattro figlie ebbe, e ciascuna reina, |
Then
Berenger was moved by vicious tongues |
E
poi il mosser le parole biece |
And Romeo,
the poor, the old, departed; |
indi partissi povero e vetusto; |
it-though it praise him now-would praise him more.” |
assai lo loda, e più lo loderebbe». 06.142 |
|
|
|
|
CANTO
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
In significant connection with the Empire comes the treatment of the Redemption, the chief theological discourse in the Paradiso. Justinian and the other spirits vanish with hymns of triumph. Dante would fain ask a question, but when he raises his head to speak, he is overcome by awe, and bends it down again. Beatrice reads his thoughts, and bids him give good heed to her discourse. After man's fall, the Word of God united to himself in his own person the once pure now contaminated human nature. That human nature bore on the cross the just penalty of its sin, but that divine Person suffered by the same act the supremest outrage. At the act of justice God rejoiced and heaven opened. At the outrage the Jews exulted and the earth trembled; and vengeance fell upon Jerusalem. But why this method of redemption? Only those who love can understand the answer. God's love ungrudgingly reveals itself, and whatever it creates without intermediary is immortal, free, and god-like. Such was man till made unlike God by sin, and so disfranchised only to be reinstated by a free pardon, or by full atonement. But man cannot humble himself below what he is entitled to, as much as he had striven to exalt himself above it; and therefore he cannot make atonement. So God must reinstate man; and since "all the ways of the Lord are mercy and truth," | God proceedeth both by the way of mercy, and by the way of truth or justice, since by the incarnation man was made capable of reinstating himself. Beatrice further explains that the elements and their compounds are made not direct by God, but by angels, who also draw the life of animal and plant out of compound matter that has the potentiality of such life in it; whereas first matter, the angels, and the heavens are direct creations of God; and so were the bodies of Adam and Eve, which were therefore immortal, save for sin; as are therefore the bodies of the redeemed who are restored to all the privileges of unfallen man. |
|
|
“HOSANNA, sanctus Deus sabaoth, |
«Osanna,
sanctus Deus sabaòth, |
Thus, even
as he wheeled to his own music, |
Così, volgendosi a la nota sua, |
and his
companions moved within their dance, |
ed essa e l’altre mossero a sua danza, |
I was
perplexed, and to myself, I said: |
Io dubitava e dicea ‘Dille, dille!’ |
the
reverence that possesses all of me, |
Ma quella reverenza che s’indonna |
But
Beatrice soon ended that; for she |
Poco sofferse me cotal Beatrice |
“According
to my never-erring judgment, |
«Secondo mio infallibile avviso, |
but I shall
quickly free your mind from doubt; |
ma io ti solverò tosto la mente; |
Since he
could not endure the helpful curb |
Per non soffrire a la virtù che vole |
For this,
mankind lay sick, in the abyss |
onde l’umana specie inferma giacque |
to where
the nature that was sundered from |
u’ la natura, che dal suo fattore |
Now set
your sight on what derives from that. |
Or drizza il viso a quel ch’or si ragiona: |
but in
itself, this nature had been banished |
ma per sé stessa pur fu ella sbandita |
Thus, if
the penalty the Cross inflicted |
La pena dunque che la croce porse |
yet none
was ever done so great a wrong, |
e
così nulla fu di tanta ingiura, |
Thus, from
one action, issued differing things: |
Però d’un atto uscir cose diverse: |
You need no
longer find it difficult |
Non ti dee oramai parer più forte, |
But I now
see your understanding tangled |
Ma io veggi’ or la tua mente ristretta |
You say:
‘What I have heard is clear to me; |
Tu dici: “Ben discerno ciò ch’i’ odo; |
Brother,
this ordinance is buried from |
Questo decreto, frate, sta sepulto |
Nevertheless, since there is much attempting |
Veramente, però ch’a questo segno |
The Godly
Goodness that has banished every |
La divina bontà, che da sé sperne |
All that
derives directly from this Goodness |
Ciò che da lei sanza mezzo distilla |
Whatever
rains from It immediately |
Ciò che da essa sanza mezzo piove |
Even as it
conforms to that Goodness, |
Più l’è conforme, e però più le piace; |
those
things most like Itself. The human being |
Di tutte queste dote s’avvantaggia |
Only man’s
sin annuls man’s liberty, |
Solo il peccato è quel che la disfranca |
and man
cannot regain his dignity |
e
in sua dignità mai non rivene, |
For when
your nature sinned so totally |
Vostra natura, quando peccò tota |
and they
could never be regained-if you |
né ricovrar potiensi, se tu badi |
either
through nothing other than His mercy, |
o
che Dio solo per sua cortesia |
Now fix
your eyes on the profundity |
Ficca mo l’occhio per entro l’abisso |
Man, in his
limits, could not recompense; |
Non potea l’uomo ne’ termini suoi |
that it
could match the heights he meant to reach |
quanto disobediendo intese ir suso; |
Thus there
was need for God, through His own ways, |
Dunque a Dio convenia con le vie sue |
pleases its
doer more, the more it shows |
Ma perché l’ovra tanto è più gradita |
was happy
to proceed through both Its ways |
la divina bontà che ‘l mondo imprenta, |
and the
first day, a chain of actions so |
Né tra l’ultima notte e ‘l primo die |
for God
showed greater generosity |
ché più largo fu Dio a dar sé stesso |
for every
other means fell short of justice, |
e
tutti li altri modi erano scarsi |
Now to give
all your wishes full content, |
Or per empierti bene ogni disio, |
You say: ‘I
see that water, see that fire |
Tu dici: “Io veggio l’acqua, io veggio il foco, |
and yet
these, too, were things created; if |
e
queste cose pur furon creature; |
Brother,
the angels and the pure country |
Li angeli, frate, e ‘l paese sincero |
whereas the
elements that you have mentioned, |
ma li elementi che tu hai nomati |
The matter
they contain had been created, |
Creata fu la materia ch’elli hanno; |
The rays
and motion of the holy lights |
L’anima d’ogne bruto e de le piante |
but your
life is breathed forth immediately |
ma vostra vita sanza mezzo spira |
So
reasoning, you also can deduce |
E
quinci puoi argomentare ancora |
when both of the first parents were created.” |
che li primi parenti intrambo fensi». 07.148 |
This Webpage was created for a workshop held at Saint Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, California in 2004