APOKATHÍSTĒMI /
APOKATÁSTASIS
in SCRIPTURE
 and MYTHOLOGY
 

 

ἀποκαθίστημι / ἀποκατάστασις

1.THE OLD TESTAMENT;   2.THE NEW TESTAMENT
3. GRECO-ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

1. ἀποκαθίστημι in THE OLD TESTAMENT  

 

 

 

 

1. ἀποκαθίστημι in THE OLD

TESTAMENT

 

 

 

 
   
   

 

 

HEALING esp of lepers:

  

 

 
   

 

 

Exodus 4:7

  

 

 
AND he said again, Put thy hand into thy bosom; and he put his hand into his bosom, and brought his hand out of his bosom, and it was again restored to the complexion of his other flesh. καὶ εἶπεν πάλιν εἰσένεγκε τὴν χεῖρά σου εἰς τὸν κόλπον σου καὶ εἰσήνεγκεν τὴν χεῖρα εἰς τὸν κόλπον αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐξήνεγκεν αὐτὴν ἐκ τοῦ κόλπου αὐτοῦ καὶ πάλιν ἀπεκατέστη εἰς τὴν χρόαν τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ
   

 

 

Lv. 13:16

  

 

 
But if the raw flesh turns again and is changed to white, then he shall come to the priest ἐὰν δὲ ἀποκαταστῇ ὁ χρὼς ὁ ὑγιὴς καὶ μεταβάλῃ λευκή καὶ ἐλεύσεται πρὸς τὸν ἱερέα
   

 

 

Job 5:18

  

 

 
for he causes a man to be in pain, and restores him again: he smites, and his hands heal. αὐτὸς γὰρ ἀλγεῖν ποιεῖ καὶ πάλιν ἀποκαθίστησιν ἔπαισεν καὶ αἱ χεῖρες αὐτοῦ ἰάσαντο
   

 

 

RESTORATION

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

Genesis 40:13

  

 

 
Yet three days and Pharao shall remember thy office, and he shall restore thee to thy place of chief cupbearer, and thou shalt give the cup of Pharao into his hand, according to thy former high place, as thou wast wont to be cupbearer. ἔτι τρεῖς ἡμέραι καὶ μνησθήσεται Φαραω τῆς ἀρχῆς σου καὶ ἀποκαταστήσει σε ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχιοινοχοΐαν σου καὶ δώσεις τὸ ποτήριον Φαραω εἰς τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχήν σου τὴν προτέραν ὡς ἦσθα οἰνοχοῶν
   

 

 

Genesis 41:13

  

 

 
And it came to pass, as he interpreted them to us, so also it happened, both that I was restored to my office, and that he was hanged. ἐγενήθη δὲ καθὼς συνέκρινεν ἡμῖν οὕτως καὶ συνέβη ἐμέ τε ἀποκατασταθῆναι ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν μου ἐκεῖνον δὲ κρεμασθῆναι
   

 

 

Num 35:25

  

 

 
And the congregation shall rescue the slayer from the avenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to his city of refuge, whither he fled for refuge; and he shall dwell there till the death of the high-priest, whom they anointed with the holy oil. καὶ ἐξελεῖται ἡ συναγωγὴ τὸν φονεύσαντα ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀγχιστεύοντος τὸ αἷμα καὶ ἀποκαταστήσουσιν αὐτὸν ἡ συναγωγὴ εἰς τὴν πόλιν τοῦ φυγαδευτηρίου αὐτοῦ οὗ κατέφυγεν καὶ κατοικήσει ἐκεῖ ἕως ἂν ἀποθάνῃ ὁ ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας ὃν ἔχρισαν αὐτὸν τῷ ἐλαίῳ τῷ ἁγίῳ
   

 

 

2Sa 9:7

  

 

 
And David said to him, Fear not, for I will surely deal mercifully with thee for the sake of Jonathan thy father, and I will restore to thee all the land of Saul the father of thy father; and thou shalt eat bread at my table continually καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Δαυιδ μὴ φοβοῦ ὅτι ποιῶν ποιήσω μετὰ σοῦ ἔλεος διὰ Ιωναθαν τὸν πατέρα σου καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω σοι πάντα ἀγρὸν Σαουλ πατρὸς τοῦ πατρός σου καὶ σὺ φάγῃ ἄρτον ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης μου διὰ παντός
   

 

 

Judith 6:7

  

 

 
Now therefore my servants shall bring thee back into the hill country, and shall set thee in one of the cities of the passages καὶ ἀποκαταστήσουσίν σε οἱ δοῦλοί μου εἰς τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ θήσουσίν σε ἐν μιᾷ τῶν πόλεων τῶν ἀναβάσεων
   

 

 

Tobit 10:13

  

 

 
Edna also said to Tobias, The Lord of heaven restore thee, my dear brother, and grant that I may see thy children of my daughter Sara before I die, that I may rejoice before the Lord: behold, I commit my daughter unto thee of special trust; where are do not entreat her evil. καὶ Εδνα εἶπεν πρὸς Τωβιαν ἄδελφε ἀγαπητέ ἀποκαταστήσαι σε ὁ κύριος τοῦ οὐρανοῦ καὶ δῴη μοι ἰδεῖν σου παιδία ἐκ Σαρρας τῆς θυγατρός μου ἵνα εὐφρανθῶ ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου καὶ ἰδοὺ παρατίθεμαί σοι τὴν θυγατέρα μου ἐν παρακαταθήκῃ μὴ λυπήσῃς αὐτήν
   

 

 

1 Maccabees 15:3

  

 

 
Forasmuch as certain pestilent men have usurped the kingdom of our fathers, and my purpose is to challenge it again, that I may restore it to the old estate, and to that end have gathered a multitude of foreign soldiers together, and prepared ships of war ἐπεί τινες λοιμοὶ κατεκράτησαν τῆς βασιλείας τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν βούλομαι δὲ ἀντιποιήσασθαι τῆς βασιλείας ὅπως ἀποκαταστήσω αὐτὴν ὡς ἦν τὸ πρότερον ἐξενολόγησα δὲ πλῆθος δυνάμεων καὶ κατεσκεύασα πλοῖα πολεμικά
   

 

 

Psa 35:17

  

 

 
O Lord, when wilt thou look upon me? Restore my soul from their mischief, mine only-begotten one from the lions. κύριε πότε ἐπόψῃ ἀποκατάστησον τὴν ψυχήν μου ἀπὸ τῆς κακουργίας αὐτῶν ἀπὸ λεόντων τὴν μονογενῆ μου
   

 

 

Job 22:28

  

 

 
And he shall restore to thee again a habitation of righteousness and there shall be light upon thy paths. ἀποκαταστήσει δέ σοι δίαιταν δικαιοσύνης ἐπὶ δὲ ὁδοῖς σου ἔσται φέγγος
   

 

 

Job 33:25

  

 

 
And he will make his flesh tender as that of a babe, and he will restore him among men in his full strength. ἀποκαταστήσει δέ σοι δίαιταν δικαιοσύνης ἐπὶ δὲ ὁδοῖς σου ἔσται φέγγος
   

 

 

Hosea 11:11

  

 

 
They shall be amazed and fly as a bird out of Egypt, and as a dove out of the land of the Assyrians: and I will restore them to their houses, saith the Lord. καὶ ἐκστήσονται ὡς ὄρνεον ἐξ Αἰγύπτου καὶ ὡς περιστερὰ ἐκ γῆς Ἀσσυρίων καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω αὐτοὺς εἰς τοὺς οἴκους αὐτῶν λέγει κύριος
   

 

 

Amos 5:15

  

 

 
We have hated evil, and loved good: and restore ye judgment in the gates; that the Lord God Almighty may have mercy on the remnant of Joseph. μεμισήκαμεν τὰ πονηρὰ καὶ ἠγαπήκαμεν τὰ καλά καὶ ἀποκαταστήσατε ἐν πύλαις κρίμα ὅπως ἐλεήσῃ κύριος ὁ θεὸς ὁ παντοκράτωρ τοὺς περιλοίπους τοῦ Ιωσηφ
   

 

 

Malachi 4:6

  

 

 
who shall turn again the heart of the father to the son, and the heart of a man to his neighbour, lest I come and smite the earth grievously. Remember the law of my servant Moses, accordingly as I charged him with it in Choreb for all Israel, even the commandments and ordinances. ὃς ἀποκαταστήσει καρδίαν πατρὸς πρὸς υἱὸν καὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου πρὸς τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ μὴ ἔλθω καὶ πατάξω τὴν γῆν ἄρδην
   

 

 

Jeremiah 15:19

  

 

 
Therefore thus saith the Lord, If thou wilt return, then will I restore thee, and thou shalt stand before my face: and if thou wilt bring forth the precious from the worthless, thou shalt be as my mouth: and they shall return to thee; but thou shalt not return to them. διὰ τοῦτο τάδε λέγει κύριος ἐὰν ἐπιστρέψῃς καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω σε καὶ πρὸ προσώπου μου στήσῃ καὶ ἐὰν ἐξαγάγῃς τίμιον ἀπὸ ἀναξίου ὡς στόμα μου ἔσῃ καὶ ἀναστρέψουσιν αὐτοὶ πρὸς σέ καὶ σὺ οὐκ ἀναστρέψεις πρὸς αὐτούς
   

 

 

Jeremiah 16:15

  

 

 
but, The Lord lives, who brought up the house of Israel from the land of the north, and from all countries whither they were thrust out: and I will restore them to their own land, which I gave to their fathers. ἀλλά ζῇ κύριος ὃς ἀνήγαγεν τὸν οἶκον Ισραηλ ἀπὸ γῆς βορρᾶ καὶ ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν χωρῶν οὗ ἐξώσθησαν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν ἣν ἔδωκα τοῖς πατράσιν αὐτῶν
   

 

 

Jeremiah 24:6

  

 

 
And I will fix mine eyes upon them for good, and I will restore them into this land for good: and I will build them up, and not pull them down; and I will plant them, and not pluck them up. καὶ στηριῶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς μου ἐπ᾽ αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀγαθὰ καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω αὐτοὺς εἰς τὴν γῆν ταύτην εἰς ἀγαθὰ καὶ ἀνοικοδομήσω αὐτοὺς καὶ οὐ μὴ καθελῶ καὶ καταφυτεύσω αὐτοὺς καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐκτίλω
   

 

 

Jeremiah 50:19

  

 

 
I will restore Israel to his pasture, and he shall feed on Carmel and in Bashan, and his desire shall be satisfied on the hills of Ephraim and in Gilead. καὶ ἀποκαταστήσω τὸν Ισραηλ εἰς τὴν νομὴν αὐτοῦ καὶ νεμήσεται ἐν τῷ Καρμήλῳ καὶ ἐν ὄρει Εφραιμ καὶ ἐν τῷ Γαλααδ καὶ πλησθήσεται ἡ ψυχὴ αὐτοῦ
   

 

 

RESTORATION as

HEALING

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ezekiel 16:55

  

 

 
And thy sister Sodom and her daughters shall be restored as they were at the beginning, and Samaria and her daughters shall be restored as they were at the beginning, and thou and thy daughters shall be restored as ye were at the beginning. καὶ ἡ ἀδελφή σου Σοδομα καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες αὐτῆς ἀποκατασταθήσονται καθὼς ἦσαν ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς καὶ Σαμάρεια καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες αὐτῆς ἀποκατασταθήσονται καθὼς ἦσαν ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς καὶ σὺ καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες σου ἀποκατασταθήσεσθε καθὼς ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς ἦτε
  תָּשֹׁ֣בְןָ (Eze 16:55 WTT) שׁוּבֵי txt. corr.: — 1. return, go back, come back: a) physical motion to point of departure: subj. person Gn 1516, God Gn 1810, animal  Hol8432 שׁוב
   

 

 

Ezekiel 17:23

  

 

 
and I will hang it on a lofty mountain of Israel: yea, I will plant it, and it shall put forth shoots, and shall bear fruit, and it shall be a great cedar: and every bird shall rest beneath it, even every fowl shall rest under its shadow: its branches shall be restored. ἐν ὄρει μετεώρῳ τοῦ Ισραηλ καὶ καταφυτεύσω καὶ ἐξοίσει βλαστὸν καὶ ποιήσει καρπὸν καὶ ἔσται εἰς κέδρον μεγάλην καὶ ἀναπαύσεται ὑποκάτω αὐτοῦ πᾶν θηρίον καὶ πᾶν πετεινὸν ὑπὸ τὴν σκιὰν αὐτοῦ ἀναπαύσεται τὰ κλήματα αὐτοῦ ἀποκατασταθήσεται
   

 

 

Psalm 15:5

  

 

 
The Lord is the portion of mine inheritance and of my cup: thou art he that restores my inheritance to me. κύριος ἡ μερὶς τῆς κληρονομίας μου καὶ τοῦ ποτηρίου μου σὺ εἶ ὁ ἀποκαθιστῶν τὴν κληρονομίαν μου ἐμοί
   

2. ἀποκαθίστημι/ἀποκατάστασις in THE NEW TESTAMENT

  

 

 

 

 

2. ἀποκαθίστημι in THE NEW

TESTAMENT

 

 

 

 
   

 

 

Mat 17:11

 

 

 
But he answering, said to them: “Elias indeed shall come, and restore all things.” ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν· Ἠλίας μὲν ἔρχεται καὶ ἀποκαταστήσει πάντα·
   

 

 

Mark 9:11-12

  

 

 
Who answering, said to them: “Elias, when he shall come first, shall restore all things; and as it is written of the Son of man, that he must suffer many things and be despised.” ὁ δὲ ἔφη αὐτοῖς· Ἠλίας μὲν ἐλθὼν πρῶτον ἀποκαθιστάνει πάντα· καὶ πῶς γέγραπται ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἵνα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ ἐξουδενηθῇ;
   

 

 

Acts 1:6

 

 

 
So when they had come together, they asked him, “Lord, will you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?” Οἱ μὲν οὖν συνελθόντες ἠρώτων αὐτὸν λέγοντες· κύριε, εἰ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ τούτῳ ἀποκαθιστάνεις τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ Ἰσραήλ;
   

 

 

Act 3:21

  

 

 
whom heaven must receive until the time for the restoring of all that God spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets from of old. ὃν δεῖ οὐρανὸν μὲν δέξασθαι ἄχρι χρόνων ἀποκαταστάσεως πάντων ὧν ἐλάλησεν ὁ θεὸς διὰ στόματος τῶν ἁγίων ἀπ᾽ αἰῶνος αὐτοῦ προφητῶν.
   

 

 

Hebrews 13:19

  

 

 
I urge you the more earnestly to do this in order that I may be restored to you the sooner. περισσοτέρως δὲ παρακαλῶ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι, ἵνα τάχιον ἀποκατασταθῶ ὑμῖν.
   

 

 

Luke 6:10

  

 

 
And he looked around on them all, and said to him, “Stretch out your hand." And he did so, and his hand was restored.” καὶ περιβλεψάμενος πάντας αὐτοὺς εἶπεν αὐτῷ· ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρά σου. ὁ δὲ ἐποίησεν καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ.
   

 

 

Mark 3:5

  

 

 
 And he looked around at them with anger, grieved at their hardness of heart, and said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” He stretched it out, and his hand was restored. καὶ περιβλεψάμενος αὐτοὺς μετ᾽ ὀργῆς, συλλυπούμενος ἐπὶ τῇ πωρώσει τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· ἔκτεινον τὴν χεῖρα. καὶ ἐξέτεινεν καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ἡ χεὶρ αὐτοῦ.
   

 

 

Mark 8:25

  

 

 
Then again he laid his hands upon his eyes; and he looked intently and was restored, and saw everything clearly. εἶτα πάλιν ἐπέθηκεν τὰς χεῖρας ἐπὶ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτοῦ, καὶ διέβλεψεν καὶ ἀπεκατέστη καὶ ἐνέβλεπεν τηλαυγῶς ἅπαντα.
   

 

 

Mat 12:13

  

 

 
Then he said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” And the man stretched it out, and it was restored, whole like the other. τότε λέγει τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· ἔκτεινόν σου τὴν χεῖρα. καὶ ἐξέτεινεν καὶ ἀπεκατεστάθη ὑγιὴς ὡς ἡ ἄλλη.
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   
   

3. ἀποκαθίστημι / ἀποκατάστασις in GRECO-ROMAN MYTHOLOGY

  

 

 

 

 

3. ἀποκαθίστημι in GRECO- ROMAN

MYTHOLOGY

 

 

 

 
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   

 

 
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

 
   
   
   

 

; 

 (Psa 15:5)

MESSIANIC RESTORATION of ISRAEL: Jer. 16:15: ἀποκαταστήσω αὐτοὺς εἰς τῆν γῆν αὐτῶν; 23:8; 24:6

From the time of Mal. 3:24 (4:5) the returning Elijah seems to have been expected as its true representative: ἀποκαταστήσει (הֵשִׁיב) καρδίαν πατρὸς πρὸς υἱόν

There is a notable parallelism between the Heb. and the Gk. terminology. Both go back to an ancient oriental doctrine of the dissolving aeons and the saving restoration of all things to their original condition as created. Offshoots of this mythical conception of the world may be traced right up to the Fourth Eclogue of Vergil and the Metamorphoses of Ovid. The OT expression שׁוּב שְׁבוּת, not understood in the LXX, means technically “to execute a turn” or “to bring about a change of times”

 

 

(Dt. 30:3; then the LORD your God will restore your fortunes, and have compassion upon you, and he will gather you again from all the peoples where the LORD your God has scattered you. καὶ ἰάσεται κύριος τὰς ἁμαρτίας σου καὶ ἐλεήσει σε καὶ πάλιν συνάξει σε ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐθνῶν εἰς οὓς διεσκόρπισέν σε κύριος ἐκεῖ

Jer. 31:23; Ps. 14:7 etc.). It no doubt comes from the hiphil of שׁוּב. Usually the LXX renders it ἀποκαθιστάναι, which would suggest → ἀποκατάστασις to the Gk. ear.

 

Return (something borrowed?) ἱερὸν ἀποκατασταθῆναι αὐτοῖς: 2 Macc. 11:25

 

 

2. ἀποκαθίστημι / ἀποκατάστασις
in THE NEW TESTAMENT
 

 

 

 ( DRA)  (Mat 17:11 BGT)

  (Mar 9:11 DRA)   (Mar 9:12 BGT)

So when they had come together, they asked him, "Lord, will you at this time restore the kingdom to Israel?" (Act 1:6 RSV)  (Act 1:6 BGT)

  (Act 3:21 BGT)

  (Heb 13:19 RSV)  (Heb 13:19 BGT)

 

 

 

 

 

 

question of the disciples to the risen Jesus in Ac. 1:6: εἰ καὶ ἀποκαθιστάνεις τὴν βασιλείαν τῷ Ἰσραήλ.

in all the other passages in the NT in which it occurs (though cf. → ἀποκατάστασις in Ac. 3:21), the concept of ἀποκαθιστάναι is not applied to the Messiah coming in power but to his forerunner, to John the preacher of repentance, in whom Jesus recognises the promised Elijah (Mk. 9:12 and par., cf.

Mk.6:15 and par.; 8:28 and par.; 1:2;

Mt. 11:10, 14;

Jn. 1:21). The πάντα in Mk. 9:12, which in itself is to be taken as comprehensively as possible in connection with the expectation depicted, is in fact restricted to the religious and ethical field

TO HEAL:

Mk. 3:5 and par.: ἀπεκατεστάθη ἡ χείρ, Mk. 8:25

TO RETURN (be restored):

Hb. 13:19: ἵνα τάχιον ἀποκατασταθῶ ὑμῖν, “that I may be restored to you the sooner.”

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. ἀποκαθίστημι / ἀποκατάστασις
in GRECO-ROMAN MYTHOLOGY
 

 

 

ἀποκατάστασις is a technical term for the restitution of the cosmic cycle, whether by the conjunction of Sirius and the sun after every 1461 years as in Egyptian chronology,1 or by the reattainment of the original relation between the points of the equinox and the zodiac in consequence of the so-called procession of the sun, which the Babylonian astronomer idinnu had already worked out fairly accurately in 314 b.c. to involve the period of 25,800 years fixed by modern astronomy,2 or finally in connection with the variously calculated periods of the Phoenix.

In Corp. Herm., VIII, 4 the maintenance of the order of the οὐράνια σώματα is attributed to ἀποκατάστασις. In Corp. Herm., XI, 2 ἀποκατάστασις and ἀνταποκατάστασις are called the ἐνέργεια τοῦ κόσμου. A period of time of this kind was called the great year (Arius Did. Fr., 37 [II, 184, 35, v. Arnim]: τὸν μέγιστον ἐνιαυτόν, Plin. Hist. Nat., X, 2: cum huius alitis [sc. Phoenicis] vita masni conversionem anni fieri prodit Manilius). The characteristic feature of this view of time, often advanced with political and Messianic expectations, is the fact that it entails belief in endless recurrence.

 

IN LACTANTIUS, DESCRIBING HERMES TRIM., etc,: Divine Institutes, Book VII (Of a Happy Life) Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 7. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1886.)

Chapter 18. Of the Fortunes of the World at the Last Time, and of the Things Foretold by the Soothsayers

That these things will thus take place, all the prophets have announced from the inspiration of God, and also the soothsayers at the instigation of the demons. For Hystaspes, whom I have named above, having described the iniquity of this last time, says that the pious and faithful, being separated from the wicked, will stretch forth their hands to heaven with weeping and mourning, and will implore the protection of Jupiter: that Jupiter will look to the earth, and hear the voices of men, and will destroy the wicked. All which things are true except one, that he attributed to Jupiter those things which God will do. But that also was withdrawn from the account, not without fraud on the part of the demons, viz., that the Son of God would then be sent, who, having destroyed all the wicked, would set at liberty the pious. Which, however, Hermes did not conceal. For in that book which is entitled the Complete Treatise, after an enumeration of the evils concerning which we have spoken, he added these things:

But when these things thus come to pass, then He who is Lord, and Father, and God, and the Creator of the first and one God, looking upon what is done, and opposing to the disorder His own will, that is, goodness, and recalling the wandering and cleansing wickedness, partly inundating it with much water, and partly burning it with most rapid fire, and sometimes pressing it with wars and pestilences, He brought His world to its ancient state and restored it.

ἤγαγεν ἐπὶ τὸ ἀρχαῖον καὶ ἀποκατέστησεν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ κόσμον;

 

The Sibyls also show that it would not be otherwise than that the Son of God should be sent by His supreme Father, to set free the righteous from the hands of the wicked, and to destroy the unrighteous, together with their cruel tyrants. One of whom thus wrote:—

 

 

 

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